Other Fiorinia species that might occur in eastern forests are F. fioriniae 
(Targioni-Tozzetti), the fiorinia scale, from most Southeastern States on many 
hosts including palms and persea and F. japonica Kuwana, the Japanese fiorinia 
scale, from Virginia on hemlock and other conifers. 
Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), the latania scale, is so cosmopolitan that it is 
difficult to pinpoint an indigenous area. In the Eastern United States it is wide- 
spread, feeds on a wide variety of hosts, and occurs on ornamental and natural 
vegetation. The cover of the adult female is circular or slightly oval, convex, white 
to gray, and has a light-brown submarginal shed skin. The body of the adult female 
and the eggs are yellow. The cover of the male is gray, oval, and has a brown 
subterminal shed skin. 
The latania scale has a variable number of generations per year, depending on the 
area; there are two generations per year in Maryland (//72), three in Egypt (379), 
and four in Israel (32). In Maryland this species overwinters as second instars, and 
adults appear in middle to late April. Eggs are laid late in June, and adults are 
present in late July and early August. Eggs of the overwintering generation first 
appear in September, and overwintering second instars are found in late September. 
The latania scale has sexual and parthenogenetic populations. This species may 
build to very heavy populations and may cause dieback of twigs and branches of the 
host. Natural enemies include many species of chalcidoid wasps and lady beetles; 
green lacewings, fungi, and mites are also known to feed on the latania scale. 
Natural enemies usually keep populations of latania scales at low levels. 
The greedy scale, H. rapax (Comstock), is of unknown origin. It is reported 
from 15 Eastern States from New York to Florida and west to Louisiana, although 
in northern areas it may be unable to survive out of doors. The species occurs in 
natural and ornamental vegetation and is polyphagous. The cover of the adult 
female is circular, convex, gray, and has a reddish-brown submarginal shed skin. 
The body of the adult female and the eggs are yellow. The male cover is oval, gray, 
and has a reddish-brown submarginal shed skin. 
The greedy scale apparently has a variable number of generations per year, 
depending on the area, and feeds on all aerial parts of the host. Infestations usually 
have all stages present most of the year. Populations may be uniparental or 
biparental. Feeding may cause dieback, leaf drop, and unhealthy looking plants. 
Natural enemies include several chalcidoid wasps and lady beetles. 
The oystershell scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.), was probably introduced from 
Europe. It occurs in virtually every State in the United States and is polyphagous. 
Commonly infested hosts are lilac, beech, birch, ash, maple, poplar, willow, elm, 
boxwood, apple, pear, and Prunus spp. (fig. 37). This species may be found in 
natural and ornamental vegetation. The cover of the adult female varies according 
to host (466). In Maryland, the cover of populations on poplar is reddish brown 
with two transverse yellow bands; on lilac and maple, the cover is dark brown. As 
the covers age, they turn grayish, dark brown, or black. The adult female scale is 
oystershell-shaped with brown or yellow terminal shed skins. The body of the adult 
female is white with a brown pygidium; eggs are white. The cover of the male is 
similar to the female cover but is smaller and has one shed skin. The body of the 
adult male is light yellow. 
The life history of the oystershell scale varies according to host (466). In 
Maryland, populations on lilac and maple have two generations per year, those on 
poplar and willow have one generation per year, and on boxwood there are one or 
two generations; all forms overwinter as eggs, but those from poplar hatch later in 
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