F-531245 
Figure 37.—Oystershell scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi, on 
bark of poplar. 
the spring. Bivoltine forms in Maryland have crawlers in May and June and adults 
in June and July. Second-generation crawlers appear in mid-July, and adults are first 
present in September. Eggs are laid in October and November and subsequently 
overwinter. Univoltine forms have crawlers present in late May, with adult females 
first appearing in early July. In late July, females begin laying eggs, which 
subsequently overwinter. In Maryland, males were found in small numbers on 
boxwood, lilac, and maple (bivoltine) but were never found on poplar or maple 
(univoltine). The oystershell scale can be very destructive. Branches of trees are 
often obscured by scale covers. This scale frequently causes dieback and is often the 
apparent cause of the death of ornamental trees. It has been reported that entire 
forest stands of ash have been destroyed by this pest (45). Many natural enemies are 
known, including parasitic wasps, lady beetles, and mites. 
Other species of Lepidosaphes that might be collected in eastern forests are the 
camellia scale, L. camelliae Hoke, on camellia, holly, and magnolia in 14 States 
from New York to Florida and west to Louisiana; L. pallida (Maskell), Maskell 
scale, on many conifers, especially juniper, from 13 States from New York to 
Florida and west to Louisiana; and L. yanagicola Kuwana, primarily on euonymus 
from 11 States from Massachusetts to Georgia and west to Ohio. 
Lopholeucaspis japonica (Cockerell), the Japanese maple scale, is probably 
native to the Old World. It occurs in 10 Eastern States along the Atlantic Coast from 
New York to Georgia and infests many hosts including maple, ash, and basswood. 
The species occurs in ornamental vegetation. Adult females occur within the shed 
skin of second instars in a similar manner to species of Fiorinia. The second instar’s 
shed skin is dark brown with a thin layer of grayish wax and a yellow, terminal, 
first-instar shed skin 1s attached. The male cover is similar to that of the female but 
is smaller. 
The Japanese maple scale has one generation per year in Rhode Island and in 
Tokyo, Japan, and two generations in Oita, Japan (898). The overwintering stage is 
mated adult females in Tokyo and immatures in Oita. In Rhode Island first instars 
are reported in late June and early July. In Tokyo, winged males occur in mid- 
August. This species may kill branches on maples.'' The Japanese maple scale is 
attacked by three parasitic wasps and two lady beetles. 
'! Davidson, J. A. (personal communication). Dep. Entomol., Univ. Maryland, College Park. 
115 
