In the northeastern part of Washington State this scale apparently overwinters as 
second instars. Adults appear in late May and early June. Eggs and first instars are 
present in mid-July to early August. In Spokane, Wash., eggs hatch immediately 
after oviposition or hatch within the body of the adult female and are born as first 
instars (37/). In southern California, eggs are present in April and mid-May, first 
instars are present in May and June, and adults occur in June and July. Second- 
generation first instars are present in early August. Irregular abundance of infested 
trees in western forests has been hypothesized as a phenomenon of host-scale insect 
coevolution (372). This species occurs on the needles of the host and prefers the 
basal portion of the needles on the flat surface. Severe infestations of black pineleaf 
scale cause the needles to turn yellow or red. Early needle drop and shorter needles 
give heavily infested trees a weak, unsightly appearance. Heavy infestations may 
kill branches or entire trees. Areas with large deposits of dust seem to be the most 
susceptible to attack by the black pineleaf scale. Natural enemies include at least 
four species of hymenopterous parasites and two species of lady beetles. 
Nuculaspis tsugae (Marlatt), the shortneedle evergreen scale, is indigenous to 
Japan and occurs in Connecticut, Maryland, New Jersey, and Rhode Island. Hosts 
include fir, cedar, spruce, hemlock (775), and yew (904). The species in combina- 
tion with elongate hemlock scale is a serious pest of hemlocks in both natural 
habitats and ornamental plantings, and may kill entire trees. The cover of the adult 
female is circular to oval, convex, dark gray, and has blackish, subcentral shed 
skins. The male cover is similar but is more elongate and has a subterminal shed 
skin. 
The shortneedle evergreen scale has two generations each year in Connecticut. 
Overwintering is in the second instar and crawlers are present from late May to 
early July and early August to November (773). This scale prefers the undersides of 
host needles and causes leaf chlorosis and premature needle drop. The main parasite 
of the shortneedle evergreen scale in Connecticut is a small wasp, Aspidiotiphagus 
citrinus (Craw). 
A similar species, NV. pseudomeyeri (Kuwana), occurs on cedar, northern white- 
cedar, cypress, juniper, and hemlock in New York and Pennsylvania. 
Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley), the lesser snow scale, is apparently introduced 
and occurs out of doors in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Mississipp1. 
It is a common greenhouse pest. The species is polyphagous, occurring on more 
than 200 hosts, and is normally found in ornamental plantings. The cover of the 
adult female is oystershell-shaped, flat, white, and has yellow terminal shed skins. 
The body of the adult female is reddish orange. The male cover is slender, white, 
has three longitudinal ridges, and a yellow terminal shed skin. 
The lesser snow scale reproduces continuously and has many generations per 
year. Feeding occurs on all parts of the host, and males are common. Natural 
enemies are numerous, including parasitic wasps, lady beetles, and fungi. 
Another species of Pinnaspis that might be found in eastern forests is the fern 
scale, P. aspidistrae (Signoret), observed on many hosts including palms and ° 
hollies, from nearly all Eastern States; in northern areas it is found in greenhouses. 
Pseudaonidia paeoniae (Cockerell), the peony scale, has apparently been intro- 
duced from the Orient and is reported in 14 Eastern States from New York to 
Florida west to Louisiana. Common hosts are azalea, rhododendron, camellia, and 
holly. This species is most commonly encountered in ornamental plantings but is 
sometimes found in natural habitats in southern areas. The cover of the adult female 
is circular or oval, convex, brown, and is normally covered by the outer layer of the 
117 
