Old Scotch pines, particularly those growing along roadsides, are highly subject to 
attack. Infestations on such open-grown trees may persist for years. Heavy infesta- 
tions cause a thickening or browning of the needles, followed by branch malforma- 
tion. Eventually, the needles thin out. A high proportion of the buds on young trees 
may be killed. 
Eggs are laid on current-year and |-year-old shoots in late July or early August. 
The larvae feed on the needles during the first season; the following spring they 
feed on the buds. Winter is spent in the third instar in mined needles (5/9). 
The pine candle moth, EF. nepheos Freeman, first recorded in southern Canada 
in 1958, is also known to occur in Ohio. Its known hosts are red and Scotch pines 
and, rarely, Swiss mountain pine. The adult is small and inconspicuous and has a 
wingspread of less than 12 mm. Mature larvae are pale yellow with a reddish hue 
and are about 6.5 mm long. Winter is spent in the larval stage. 
Adults are present from early July to early August in Ontario (in Ohio they may 
appear as early as June 1). Eggs are laid singly or, rarely, in clusters of two to four, 
on the sheaths of previous year’s needles or, occasionally, under loose bark scales of 
twigs.. Newly hatched larvae bore into the tips of the needles. The remainder of the 
summer is spent mining the needle, and winter is spent in the tunnel. In the spring, 
the larvae vacate their tunnels and reenter the same needles, adjacent needles, or 
swelling buds. Larval growth is completed in May, and pupation occurs in the 
flowers or shoots of the tree. There is one generation per year (739). 
Larval feeding stunts the growth of new shoots, giving the branches of infested 
pines a tufted look. Infestations in Ontario have been reported on pines from 3 to 
7.6 m tall. 
Anacampsis innocuella (Zeller) occurs in southern Canada and from Mas- 
sachusetts to Colorado and Texas. The larva is a leafroller on poplars, willow, and 
cherry. The adult is ash gray or slightly darker and has a wingspread of 18 to 22 
mm. A pale, wavy, transverse line crosses the forewing well beyond the middle. 
Behind it, the color darkens and there are three dots in the cells and two in the fold. 
The larva is translucent green. 
Larval feeding and leafrolling begin in Ohio about the time the leaves of bigtooth 
aspen begin to develop. Before pupation in May or June, the larva severs the petiole 
of the rolled leaf, causing it and the enclosed larva to drop to the ground. Rolls 
containing two or more leaves tend to remain on the tree. Adults appear during the 
last half of June. It 1s believed that winter is spent in the egg stage on twigs of the 
host (850). 
Anacampsis rhoifructella (Clemens) feeds on viburnum and sumac in the North- 
eastern States. The adult is grayish brown and has a wingspread of 15 mm. 
Markings on the forewings resemble those on A. innocuella. Larvae are pale brown 
to dark brownish-red. On sumac, they live in silken galleries within fruit clusters in 
the spring and feed in the fruit spikes. 
The palmerworm, Dichomeris ligulella Hiibner, occurs in Canada and in the 
Northern States from Maine to Minnesota. Its hosts are various hardwoods such as 
apple, plum, pear, cherry, hazel, basswood, and oak. Full-grown larvae are green- 
ish and translucent, and about 12 to 15 mm long. There is a pair of narrow, whitish 
lines down the back, and a wider one runs along each side. 
Egys are laid on the undersides of leaves in early spring. The larvae skeletonize 
the leaves in exposed positions or within folded or rolled leaves. Pupation occurs in 
these rolls or in ground litter. Adults appear during July or August and apparently 
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