colors. Each larva lives in a rolled leaf or between two leaves fastened together with 
silk. There are two or more generations per year. 
The spruce needleminer, Endothenia albolineana (Kearfott), occurs from coast 
to coast in southern Canada and from Maine to North Carolina, Colorado, and 
Idaho in the United States. Its hosts are white, Norway, Engelmann, Colorado blue, 
and black spruces. The adult is dark brown and has a wingspread of about 13 mm. 
The forewings have three irregular, transverse, broken, grayish-white bands. Its 
biology has been studied (//88). 
Adults are present from mid-May to mid-June. Eggs are deposited so that they 
overlap in a single row on the undersides of needles in groups of 2 to 12 eggs each. 
Young larvae are gregarious and bore into the bases of old needles, hollowing them 
out. Older larvae feed singly. Shortly after beginning to feed, the larvae construct 
nests composed of dead needles and frass which are held together by fine silk 
strands. As the larvae develop, their nests are continually enlarged. Winter 1s spent 
in the larval stage in the nest. Feeding is resumed on adjacent needles in the spring. 
Pupation takes place in silken cocoons within the nest during late spring or early 
summer. 
The spruce needleminer is most important as a pest of ornamental spruce, but it 
also occasionally causes serious defoliation in forest stands. The presence of webs 
on ornamentals reduces their esthetic value. This can be largely prevented by 
handpicking or washing the webs from the trees before the buds break in the spring. 
Webs washed to the ground should be picked up and burned. 
Evora hemidesma (Zeller) feeds as a leafroller on alder, poplar, and willow in 
southern Canada, and in the Eastern States from Maine to Virginia and Kentucky. 
The adult is reddish brown with a darker median band on the forewing and has a 
wingspread of about 15 mm. Full-grown larvae are dark green to almost black, 
sparsely hairy, with light-colored tubercles and light-brown heads, and are about 18 
mm long. Larvae are present from May to July. 
The European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Denis & Schiffermiiller) 
(fig. 51), an introduced species first recorded in North America on Long Island, 
N.Y., in 1914 (178), is now widely distributed in the Northeastern States and 
southern Canada. Outlying infestations also occur in Washington, Oregon, and 
British Columbia. Its hosts include Scotch, red, Austrian, Swiss mountain, Jap- 
anese red, Japanese black, ponderosa, eastern white, jack, pitch, longleaf, and 
Virginia pines (853, 998). Red, Swiss mountain, Scotch, and Austrian pines are 
most heavily attacked in the Eastern United States, especially red and Swiss 
mountain. The adult moth is rusty orange-red and has a wingspread of about 20 
mm. The forewings are marked with several irregular, forked, silvery crosslines; 
the hindwings are dark gray, and the legs are whitish. 
Adults appear in late spring and fly at dusk. They lay eggs singly or in groups of 2 
to 10 on the bases of buds, on needle fascicles and twig tips, or on the bark of new 
and old shoots. Newly hatched larvae spin resin-coated, tentlike webs between 
needle sheaths and the stems of current-year growth, then they bore through the 
sheaths and mine the bases of the needles. About midsummer, the larvae move to 
buds and construct new resin-coated webs. At first these webs glisten brightly, then 
they solidify into yellow-white masses. Feeding ceases in August. Winter is spent 
in the larval stage in a feeding tunnel in or near a bud. When activity is resumed in 
April, the larvae move to undamaged buds and new shoots, construct new tents, and 
resume feeding. During this period, a single larva may feed on more than one bud 
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