are several others that are of special interest (452, 500, 541, 545, 856, 858, 992, 
1206). 
Rhyacionia adana Heinrich has been recorded from Massachusetts, Pennsylva- 
nia, Virginia, Michigan, Wisconsin, Ontario, and elsewhere (995). Red, jack, and 
Scotch pine seedlings usually under | m tall in nurseries, plantations, and natural 
stands and the lower half of trees up to 8 m tall are attacked. The adult has a 
wingspread of about 16 mm. The forewing has the outer third red and the remainder 
gray with four pairs of grayish-white vertical bars. 
In Ontario, eggs are laid between needles just above the needle sheath of the 
needle fascicle. Young larvae spin silken cases between two old needles just above 
the sheath. Then they enter the needles and mine toward the tip. Later, after new 
needle growth has begun, they enter and mine the developing shoots. Several larvae 
may inhabit a single shoot and riddle it with their tunnels. Then they vacate the 
shoot and move to and destroy the buds. Full-grown larvae crawl down the stem and 
pupate in cocoons cemented to the stem below the soil surface. There is one 
generation per year (S20). Serious damage has been recorded in red and Scotch pine 
plantations in Canada and the Lake States. Pole-volume yields have not been found 
to be seriously affected, however (S60). 
The pitch pine tip moth, R. rigidana (Fernald), occurs from Florida to Texas 
and north to Missouri, New York, and Maine (998). It feeds on pitch, Corsican, 
Virginia, red, Scotch, loblolly, and slash pines. The adult is similar to the adult of 
the Nantucket pine tip moth, but is slightly larger and more colorful. The forewings 
are silver-white with crossbands of silver-white scales, and the hindwings are silver- 
gray. Damage 1s also similar to that caused by the Nantucket pine tip moth. Pitch 
pines up to 40 cm in diameter may be infested. 
The Nantucket pine tip moth, R. frustrana (Comstock) (fig. 52), 1s widely 
distributed in the Eastern, Central, and Southern States, and elsewhere (998). Its 
hosts include nearly all species of pines growing within its range; the only excep- 
tions are longleaf and eastern white pines (/366). Slash pine is also somewhat 
resistant, but is occasionally attacked. In the South and Southeast, loblolly and 
shortleaf pines are preferred; in the Northeast and Middle Atlantic States, pitch, 
Virginia, and Scotch appear to be favored; and in the Central States, shortleaf is 
attacked most heavily. The adult has the head, body, and appendages covered with 
gray scales. The forewings are marked with irregular brick-red and coffee-colored 
patches, the patches being separated by irregular bands of gray scales; the wing- 
spread is about 12 mm. 
Winter is spent as a pupa within the injured tips of the host. Adults begin to 
appear on warm, sunny days in early spring—as early as January in the Deep 
South. Egg laying begins in a few days, during dusk and darkness. The eggs are 
deposited on new or old-growth needles, in the axils of needles and stems, on 
developing tips, or on buds. Newly hatched larvae wander about the shoots looking 
for suitable feeding sites. Soon, they construct delicate webs in axils formed by 
developing needles and stems. Then the larva bores into a needle sheath and feeds 
on the needle, which is then severed. Second instars spin new and larger webs 
between buds, or between buds and needles; they feed in the buds. When a bud is 
consumed, the larva moves to another bud on the same or a different shoot. 
Eventually, the connective tissue of the tip is severed, and the damaged portion 
turns brown. The larva continues to feed within the shoot and bud. Once having 
consumed the bud, it bores down the center of the stem. The larval period lasts for 2 
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