fold around it. It feeds from within this tube and skeletonizes the part of the leaf 
covered by the web, causing it to crumple. Damage is usually not very serious 
(248). E. solandriana (L.) feeds as a leafroller on quaking aspen, paper birch, and 
various other hardwoods. It is sometimes abundant in the Northeast and Ontario. 
Epinotia nanana (Treitschke), an introduced species first recorded in North 
America in Massachusetts in the early days of this century, now occurs from Maine 
to Ohio and Michigan and in Ontario, Quebec, and British Columbia. Its hosts are 
various species of spruce, especially white, Norway, and Colorado blue. The adult 
is dark, smoky brown and has a wingspread of about 11 mm. The forewing has a 
rather blunt apex, which is black and diffused below by a white dash. A blackish 
band crosses from the middle of the costa to before the anal angle. There are five 
distinct white spots on the costa of fresh specimens, and the wing is also flecked 
with whitish scales. 
Adults are present during June in Canada and deposit their eggs on spruce 
needles. Newly hatched larvae attack the old needles, boring into them and 
hollowing them out completely. From the third instar on, they feed in about equal 
numbers on both old and new needles. A single larva may feed on several needles . 
which it ties together with silk. The winter is spent in the larval stage inside a mined 
needle. In the spring, the larva moves to a new needle and continues its feeding. 
Before reaching maturity, it may destroy several other needles, all of which are tied 
together in bunches appressed to the twig. Pupation occurs in silken cocoons in 
hollowed-out needles, in old staminate flowers, on the bark, or in litter on the 
ground. There is one generation per year (27S). Washing webs from the trees in the 
spring with a strong stream of water before the buds break has been suggested for 
control on ornamentals. 
Ancylis platanana Clemens occurs commonly on sycamore wherever it grows in 
this country. The adult is whitish with pale, reddish forewings and has a wingspread 
of about 12 mm. Eggs are deposited along the midribs or larger veins on the 
undersurface of leaves during early spring. Young larvae feed on both sides of the 
midrib near the base, and spin fine, silken webs over the leaf surface. Older larvae 
feed beneath these webs and skeletonize the leaf. The winter is spent in the larval 
stage (297). Ancylis spp. feed inside folded leaves of birch in the East, and 
populations occasionally become very heavy. Two common species are A. disci- 
gerana Walker and A. logiana L. 
The spruce seed moth, Cydia strobilella (L.) (formerly youngana (Kearfott)), is 
widely distributed in the United States, Canada, and Eurasia. It attacks the cones of 
white, red, black, Colorado, Sitka, and Engelmann spruces. The larvae make 
tortuous mines near the cone axis, destroying both scales and seeds. White spruce 
cones are especially susceptible. The adult is smoky brown with four crossbars of 
shining silver and four shining costal spots on the forewings and has a wingspread 
of about 9 mm. Full-grown larvae are creamy white and about 10 mm long. 
Winter is spent as a full-grown larva within a cone. Most of the larvae pupate in 
the spring; some may remain in diapause for | to 2 or more years (/2/0). Female 
moths rarely fly; as a result, populations tend to build up on old cone-bearing trees. 
The hickory shuckworm, C. caryana (Fitch), occurs in southern Canada and 
from the East Coast to Missouri and Texas in the United States. The larvae feed on 
hickory nuts and pecans. The adult is smoky black and has a wingspread of about 
12 mm. Full-grown larvae are creamy white and about 9 mm long. 
Adults appear in early spring (as early as mid-February in Florida) and lay their 
eggs on the nuts or foliage. Young larvae bore into and feed inside the nuts, thus 
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