preventing future nut development. Winter is spent as a larva in the shucks of fallen 
nuts, and there are from one to four generations per year, depending on locality. 
Heavy infestations may seriously reduce hickory and pecan nut crops. Gathering 
and destroying infested nuts during the winter is helpful in control. 
The eastern pine seedworm, C. toreuta (Grote), occurs over almost all the 
eastern half of the United States and southern Canada (547). It attacks the second- 
year cones of various pines. The adult is gray brown with two prominent black- 
bordered silver bands across each forewing and has a wingspread of about 14 mm. 
The mature larva is creamy white and about 10 mm long (360). 
Adults emerge during late May and early June in the mid-South and during late 
June in Ontario and deposit their eggs in crevices on the surface of the cone. Young 
larvae bore into the upper part of second-year cones and feed from seed to seed as 
they spiral around the cone scales. Infestations appear to be heaviest on open-grown 
trees with branches to the ground or on trees in low-density stands (693). Winter is 
spent as a full-grown larva in the woody axis of the cone, and pupation occurs in the 
spring. A braconid parasite, Phanerotoma sp., may destroy a high percentage of the 
full-grown larvae (760). 
The slash pine seedworm, C. anaranjada (Miller), occurs throughout the range 
of typical slash pine and South Florida slash pine in the South (547). The adult has 
a wingspread of about 15 mm. The abdomen is pearl white and the forewings are 
yellowish orange to rusty orange, with four more or less equally spaced, mostly 
pearl-white crossbands. The species has been reared principally from mature cones 
of slash pine, occasionally from longleaf cones, and rarely from loblolly cones 
(360). 
Eggs are usually laid either singly or in small clusters on second-year cones. 
Young larvae bore into the cones and feed on the seed, moving from seed to seed, 
consuming their contents, and lining the tunnels between seeds with silk. A single 
larva consumes from five to seven seeds. Eventually, the full-grown larva bores into 
the woody cone axis where it spends the winter. Pupation occurs in the spring, and 
the adults emerge during April and May. There is one generation per year. Accord- 
ing to estimates, this species destroys from 2 to 10 percent of the seed in open- 
grown slash pine stands in northeast Florida each year (836). 
The longleaf pine seedworm, C. ingens (Heinrich), has been recorded from 
South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi and probably occurs 
throughout the range of its favored host, longleaf pine. It also infests slash and 
loblolly pines to a minor extent and may occur occasionally on other southern pines 
(360). The adult is grayish brown and has a wingspread of about 18 mm. Eggs are 
laid in rows of two to nine eggs each on scale apophyses of 1-year-old cones. Young 
larvae bore downward through the scales and enter seeds through the micropyle. 
Larvae feed during the first two instars, each in a seed, vacating it and tunneling 
through the cone in search of another seed. Before it reaches maturity the larva may 
consume two to five additional seeds. A full-grown larva bores into the rachis and 
usually tunnels toward the base for a distance of 2.5 to 5 cm. Winter is spent in the 
larval stage in this tunnel. Pupation occurs in the spring, usually between mid- 
March and mid-May, and the adult appears about | to 2 weeks later. There is one 
generation per year, except for occasional individuals that enter diapause (255). 
This species causes an estimated loss of 21 percent of longleaf pine seed in the Gulf 
States region. 
The filbertworm, Melissopus latiferreanus (Walsingham), occurs throughout 
most of the United States and in southern Canada. The larvae feed in hazelnuts, 
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