filberts, acorns, beechnuts, chestnuts, and oak galls. The adult is reddish brown 
and has a wingspread of 11 to 20 mm. High percentages of acorn crops may be 
destroyed during poor seed years. 
Endopiza liriodendrana (Keartott) has been recorded feeding on yellow-poplar in 
New Jersey and on magnolia in Florida. The adult is brownish or blackish, and 
there is a tuft or mass of erect, dark-colored scales at the rear of the thorax. Eggs are 
laid on the leaves from May to September. Young larvae bore into the midvein near 
the petiole and feed in mines during the first instar. Older larvae feed under webs 
spun on the lower surface of the leaves or between two leaves webbed tightly 
together. Pupation occurs under the web (979). E. palliolana (McDunnough) 
attacks terminals of eastern larch (892). 
The locust twig borer, Ecdytolopha insiticiana Zeller, attacks black locust 
throughout the Eastern United States and in parts of southern Canada. It also occurs 
in Colorado, Arizona, and California. The adult has a wingspread of about 22 mm. 
The forewings are dark, ashy brown with large, dull, pinkish-white patches on their 
outer parts with several small, blackish spots near the middle of each of the patches. 
Full-grown larvae are reddish to straw yellow with a darker dorsal line, and are 
about 16 mm long. 
Adults are present from early May to the end of June and again from July to 
October. The larvae are twig or stem borers, and cause the formation of elongate 
galls up to 7.5 cm long. Winter is passed as a mature larva in a cocoon among the 
leaves on the ground. In heavily infested areas, seedling mortality may be high. A 
high percentage of the twigs on larger trees also may be damaged. 
Other olethreutine moths likely to be encountered in eastern forests and their 
hosts are as follows: Hedya chionosema (Zeller)—hawthorn, occasionally red oak 
and mountain-ash; the raspberry leafroller, Olethreutes permundana (Clem- 
ens)—hickory; O. quadrifidum Zeller—cherry; Pseudosciaphila duplex (Wal- 
singham) and Pseudexentera oregonana (Walsingham)—poplar; Epinotia stroe- 
miana (F.)—gray birch; E. lindana (Fernald)—alternate-leaved and flowering 
dogwood: Griselda radicana Heinrich—various conifers, principally white spruce 
and balsam fir: the pecan bud moth, Gretchena bolliana (Slingerland), and G. 
concitatricana (Heinrich)—black walnut. 
Subfamily Tortricinae 
Members of this subfamily eat the foliage of a wide variety of coniferous and 
deciduous trees of all sizes and ages. Many species are important pests, some 
extremely so. The larvae either fold or roll individual leaves or parts of leaves or tie 
several leaves or shoots together forming enclosures in which to rest and feed or 
from which they move out to feed. The adults are usually small and have wide, 
oblong, fringed wings that appear bell-shaped while at rest. The wingspread is 
about 25 mm. The larvae are usually some shade of green, seldom more than 25 
mm long, and they pupate in flimsy silken cocoons. Just before the pupa transforms 
to the adult, it works its way partly out of its cocoon. Information about many 
species has been summarized (446, 794). 
Adoxophyes furcatana (Walker), a leafroller on sycamore, occurs from New 
England to Pennsylvania and the Mississippi River Valley. The adult is straw yellow 
and has a wingspread of 20 mm. The forewings are marked with five golden-brown 
lines and two irregular light-brown bands. The hindwings and their fringes are 
shiny white. Full-grown larvae are light green, taper toward each end, and are about 
18 mm long. 
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