Jack pine budworm adults are present from early July to early August and lay 
their eggs in clusters of about 40 in two or three rows on the flat side of a pine 
needle. Hatching occurs in about 10 days. A few days later, the young larvae, 
without feeding, spin hibernacula under bark scales on the trunk or larger limbs. or 
between needles. Then they molt to the second instar, the stage in which they 
remain throughout the rest of the summer, fall, and winter. In the spring, about the 
time the staminate flowers are shedding their pollen, they emerge and begin feeding 
on the pollen. Some usually remain in the flower clusters throughout the entire 
feeding period, but the majority migrate to new foliage on which they feed. once it 
is well developed. The needles are not consumed entirely, but are usually clipped 
off at the base and webbed together. Pupation occurs among the needles or between 
webbed shoots. 
The jack pine budworm usually does not cause heavy mortality of merchantable 
jack pine, but it may cause top-kill and “‘stag-headedness.** During outbreaks, 
however, heavy losses in pole-size trees, saplings, and reproduction may result. In 
heavily infested stands, young understory red and eastern white pines also are often 
severely defoliated and killed. Fortunately, outbreaks usually last only 2 to 4 years. 
Cutting practices designed to remove the jack pines that most commonly produce 
staminate flowers are helpful in preventing outbreaks (580). These trees are usually 
coarsely branched and large-crowned, or suppressed and slow growing. Growing 
hard pines in fully stocked stands or in groups, eliminating large-crowned “wolf” 
trees, utilizing trees before they become mature, and encouraging species suited to 
the site are also recommended practices (674). Parasites and a polyhedral virus 
disease aid in the control of infestations following periods of heavy defoliation. 
Rapid declines in populations have also been attributed to decreases in staminate 
flower production. 
A subspecies, C. pinus maritima Freeman, has been found feeding on Virginia 
and pitch pines in Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Kentucky. Adults 
are larger and redder than those of the jack pine budworm (448, 997). 
The large aspen tortrix, C. conflictana (Walker), occurs throughout much of the 
range of quaking aspen in Canada and the United States (/288). Several other 
hardwoods also serve as hosts such as balsam poplar, bigtooth aspen, paper birch, 
willow, and alder. The adult is dull, light gray and has a wingspread of about 28 
mm. Full-grown larvae are usually dark green, sometimes almost black, and are 
about 16 mm long. The prothoracic shield is reddish brown to black: the thoracic 
legs, black. 
In Canada, eggs are laid in flat clusters usually on the upper surfaces of leaves in 
June or July. The first instars feed gregariously on leaf surfaces during July, 
spinning much silk and webbing the surfaces together (fig. 61). Later they move to 
the trunk in search of hibernation sites in rough bark or under moss. Here they molt 
and spend the winter as second instars. The following spring, they climb the trees 
and mine the swelling buds. Later, they roll leaves and feed within the enclosures. 
Pupation occurs within the rolls, and adults begin to emerge in June (/00/). Many 
outbreaks have occurred in aspen stands in Canada. Serious defoliation has also 
been recorded in New England, New York, and Michigan. 
The obliquebanded leafroller, C. rosaceana (Harris), occurs in southern Can- 
ada and throughout most of the United States. It is recorded as a general feeder on 
the foliage of deciduous trees and shrubs. In Canada, it occurs most frequently on 
quaking aspen, paper birch, and willow but has also been observed feeding on 
Scotch pine. In New York, it has seriously damaged coniferous seedlings in 
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