Several other species of Argyrotaenia are recorded as feeding on eastern trees 
(446); A. occultana Freeman—on spruce and occasionally balsam fir and larch in 
Canada and New York; the graybanded leafroller, A. mariana (Fernald)—on 
paper birch, willow, chokecherry, elm, pear, Vaccinium, and possibly oak from 
eastern Canada to Florida; A. quadrifasciana (Fernald)—on hawthorn, service- 
berry, plum, and pear in southeastern Canada and from Maine to Missouri; and A. 
alisellana (Robinson)—on oak from southern Canada to Florida. 
The oak leaftier, Croesia semipurpurana (Kearfott), feeds on various oaks from 
southeastern Canada and Massachusetts to Minnesota and Texas. Adults have 
wingspreads of about 12 mm. The forewings vary in color from almost solid yellow 
to yellow with dark-brown markings. The full-grown larva is dirty white to light 
green except for a pale head and brown to black thoracic legs, and is about 12 mm 
long. 
Eggs are laid individually on the bark of second-year wood of branches in late 
June and early July and hatch in April of the following year. Newly hatched larvae 
enter unopened buds and feed on the young leaves. Older ones fold together 
sections of leaves and feed inside the folds. When they reach maturity in May, they 
spin down to the ground and pupate in the litter. Adults appear | to 2 weeks later. 
Serious outbreaks have occurred in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic States 
(210). During 1964 and 1965, approximately one-quarter million hectares of red 
oaks were severely defoliated in Pennsylvania alone, resulting in considerable tree 
mortality. 
The eastern blackheaded budworm, Acleris variana (Fernald), occurs from 
Cape Breton Island and the northeastern corner of the United States across the 
coniferous forest region of Canada to Saskatchewan and eastern Alberta. (The 
western blackheaded budworm occurring farther west 1s now considered to be a 
different species, A. gloverana (Walsingham) (995).) Balsam fir is its preferred 
host, but during epidemics, white and sometimes red and black spruces and 
hemlock may also be defoliated (770). The adult is predominantly mottled gray 
with various brown, white, or gray ragged bands across the wings. Some indi- 
viduals have a white, yellow, or orange stripe down each wing. The wingspread ts 
about 19 mm. Full-grown larvae are bright green and about 14 mm long. 
Adults appear during August and September and deposit their eggs singly on the 
undersides of needles, mostly on the upper branches. The winter is spent in the egg 
stage. Hatching occurs in the spring, and the young larvae burrow into the expand- 
ing buds. As the new needles grow, the larvae web together a few of them and feed 
within. Once the new needles are devoured, the larvae feed on the old ones. 
Pupation occurs within webbed masses of partially eaten and damaged needles. 
Extensive outbreaks tend to occur at intervals of 10 to 15 years in stands where 
maturing balsam fir is dominant, but they usually subside before many trees are 
killed. 
Acleris chalybeana (Fernald) has been recorded from Ontario, Quebec, Wiscon- 
sin, Maine, New York, and Pennsylvania. The larvae feed on the foliage of sugar, 
red, and mountain maples, yellow birch, beech, and eastern hophornbeam. The 
adult is grayish and has a wingspread of about 21 mm. Full-grown larvae are light 
green and about 19 mm long. In Wisconsin, apparently they winter as first or 
second instars in hibernacula on the twigs. During June, the majority of them were 
found in rolled leaves previously occupied by larvae of another tortricid, Spar- 
ganothis acerivorana; the remainder rolled their own leaves. Pupation occurs inside 
the roll. Damage by this species appears to have been one of the factors contributing 
171 
