enter the ground where they pupate in earthen cells at a soil depth of 5 to 12 cm. 
Pupation occurs during late June and early July, and the pupae remain in their cells 
during the remainder of the summer and fall. Adults appear from late October to 
mid-December. The females climb tree trunks or other objects near their emergence 
sites and deposit their light-green eggs in bark crevices, under lichens on the trunks 
or branches, or in other places that afford suitable shelter (270). The population 
dynamics of the winter moth has been investigated (382), and a key is available to 
distinguish this defoliator from associated species of Operophtera, Erannis, and 
Alsophila (403). 
Two imported parasites, the tachinid, Cyzenis albicans (Fallén), and the ich- 
neumonid, Argypon flaveolatum (Gravenhorst), have provided successful biological 
control of the pest in Nova Scotia (383). 
The genus Eupithecia contains a large number of species, a number of which 
occur in forests of the Eastern States and eastern Canada. E. palpata Packard, the 
small pine looper, occurs on various species of pine, especially eastern white and 
jack; E. luteata Packard, the fir needle inchworm, feeds on various spruces, 
particularly white, and other conifers, especially balsam fir and larch; FE. filmata 
Pearsall, the early brown looper, is found on a wide variety of conifers, especially 
white spruce and balsam fir; and E. transcanadata MacKay, the small conifer 
looper, that feeds on a wide variety of conifers, especially white spruce, black 
spruce, and balsam fir (738). 
Hydria prunivorata Ferguson, the cherry scallop shell moth, occurs on black 
and occasionally other wild cherries throughout much of eastern North America. 
The adult has a wingspread of about 37 mm. The forewings are marked with 12 to 
15 whitish, scalloped, parallel lines and a black discal dot; the hindwings are 
marked with 6 to 8 whitish lines. Full-grown larvae are about 20 mm long. The 
body is blackish above with four longitudinal yellow lines, and is straw yellow 
beneath. The larvae live in nests that they construct by webbing together the leaves 
toward the end of a branch. Heavily infested trees occasionally are completely 
defoliated. An egg parasite, Telenomus sp., is the principal mortality factor in 
populations that have remained at epidemic levels for 2 years or more (/070). 
Rheumaptera hastata (L.), the spear-marked black moth, feeds on paper birch, 
willow, and alder from Alaska east to Labrador and Newfoundland. It occurs as far 
south as New Mexico and North Carolina. Major areas of defoliation have been 
limited to interior Alaska (/274). Full-grown larvae are about 25 mm long. The 
head is brown to shiny black; the body is dark brown to black with a row of small 
black dots and a few white to brick-red spots on each side. In the Northeastern 
States, larvae are present from June to September, and winter is spent in the pupal 
stage. 
Lomgarapha semiclarata (Walker), the wildcherry looper, occurs on pin cherry 
in southern Canada and the Atlantic Coast States. Full-grown larvae are light green 
and about 18 mm long. The related species, L. vestaliata, (Guenée), is known to 
occur on cherry, mountain-ash, and birch in Maine. 
Cabera erythemaria (Guenée) feeds on willow in the Northeastern States. Full- 
grown larvae are about 27 mm long. They are light green with a reddish stripe on 
each side of the head, reddish patches on the back, and a red stripe on each side of 
the body. Winter is spent in the larval stage. The related species, C. variolaria 
Guenée, is found on willow and quaking aspen in the Northeastern States and 
southwestern Canada. 
190 
