larvae are pale straw to yellow with black markings and are 27 to 37 mm long. The 
body bears faint rows of blackish dots and short wavy lines on the top and sides, and 
the head is densely marked with light and dark spots. 
Adults emerge in May and June and lay their eggs on the needles. The larvae feed 
on the needles until late September. Winter is spent in the pupal stage in the duff 
beneath the trees. 
Lambdina fervidaria athasaria (Walker) occurs on hemlock, maple, oak, and 
beech in several Eastern States. Local outbreaks have occurred in Massachusetts, 
Connecticut, and Ohio. The adult resembles that of L. pellucidaria except for a 
slightly shorter wingspread. Full-grown larvae are yellowish and about 30 mm long. 
The head is marked with irregular brown to blackish spots. The top of the body is 
lighter than the sides. The sides are marked with wavy lines of dark or reddish 
brown, interrupted with dashes of white. Winter is spent in the pupal stage on the 
ground, just beneath the top crust of the leaf mold. Larvae are present from July to 
late September. 
The chainspotted geometer, Cingilia catenaria (Drury), occurs in eastern 
Canada and the Northeastern States. It has many hosts including gray and paper 
birches, oak, poplar, willow, cherry, balsam fir, larch, and white spruce. Young 
eastern white and red pines growing in mixture with the above hosts are also subject 
to heavy defoliation. Blueberries, huckleberries, and small trees growing in pas- 
tures and cutover areas are especially subject to infestation. Local outbreaks have 
been recorded frequently in the Northeastern States. 
The adult has a wingspread of 30 to 42 mm. The head and part of the thorax are 
orange-yellow; the body, white with black markings. The wings are smoky white 
and black spotted. Full-grown larvae are straw colored and about 50 mm long. The 
head and body are dotted with black spots, those on the sides of the body produce 
chainlike effects. There also are three or four thin, black lines below these rows of 
dots (/037). Winter is spent in the egg stage. Larvae are present from June to 
August. 
Tetracis cachexiata Guenée occurs on cherry in the Northeastern States. Full- 
grown larvae are about 37 mm long. The head is grayish, flattened, and square in 
front; the body, reddish brown to black with white markings and a black line 
running down the middie of the back after the fifth segment. Tubercles are also 
prominent. Larvae are present from July to September, and winter is spent in the 
pupal stage. 
Eutrapela clemataria (J. E. Smith), the purplish-brown looper, is multivoltine 
and occurs on basswood, maple, quaking aspen, paper birch, pin cherry, sweet- 
gum, and hemlock in eastern Canada and the Eastern United States, westward to 
the Mississippi River Valley. Full-grown larvae are purplish brown and up to 60 mm 
long. The head is rounded and bilobed, the second and fourth abdominal segments 
are swollen on top, and there are prominent tubercles on the fifth and ninth 
abdominal segments. Larvae feed from June to August in the North, and from April 
to October in the South. Winter is spent as pupae in cocoons in leaves on the 
ground. The truncate eggs are laid erect in large masses, much like those of 
Alsophila (434). 
Prochoerodes transversata (Drury), the large maple spanworm, occurs on 
various hardwoods such as maple, oak, willow, quaking aspen, paper birch, and 
mulberry in southern Canada and the Eastern United States. Full-grown larvae are 
light to purplish brown and about 50 mm long. The head is rounded and flattened in 
front, the second thoracic segment is swollen and streaked with red, and the eighth 
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