a reddish ventral stripe; and three longitudinal white stripes on each side. They are 
about 50 mm long. Brick-red patches sometimes enclose the spiracles, and there is 
no caudal horn. L. coniferarum (J. E. Smith) feeds on pines, especially longleaf and 
loblolly, in more southern areas. 
Aspen, willow, and many other trees are fed on in the whole eastern area by 
Paonias excaecatus (J. E. Smith), the blinded sphinx. Full-grown larvae are light 
green, studded with pointed granulations, and about 62 mm long. There are seven 
oblique, yellowish stripes running backward on each side of the body; the head is 
conical, granulated, and has a white or pale-yellow stripe on each side, meeting at 
the apex. The spiracles are deep lilac or black; the caudal horn is usually green and 
nearly straight; and the thoracic legs are lilac or reddish. Larvae of P. myops (J. E. 
Smith), the smalleyed sphinx, feed on various kinds of cherry in the Eastern United 
States. They have rose-colored spiracles; otherwise, they closely resemble the 
larvae of P. excaecatus. The larvae of Smerinthus jamaicensis (Drury), the twin- 
spot sphinx, feed mostly on poplar and willow, but also on apple, birch, elm, and 
plum. They also resemble the larvae of P. excaecatus. They differ mainly in having 
a bluish-purple caudal horn and violet thoracic legs. Subdorsal rows of reddish 
spots may occur on each side of the body and around the spiracles in any of these 
three species. 
The walnut sphinx, Cressonia juglandis (J. E. Smith), occurs from eastern 
Canada to Florida and westward to the eastern boundary of the Great Plains. The 
larvae feed on black walnut, butternut, the hickories, beech, and pecan. Full-grown 
larvae are light green to reddish, coarsely granulated with white, and about 50 mm 
long. The head bears a yellowish stripe on each side and two rough, brownish 
projections on the apex. There are seven light-yellowish oblique stripes, sometimes 
reddish bordered above, on each side of the body. The caudal horn is brownish and 
very granulated. There are two generations per year in the South. 
Family Notodontidae 
Notodontid Moths 
More than 100 species of notodontid moths occur in the United States and 
Canada, and many of the larvae feed on the foliage of a wide variety of deciduous 
trees and shrubs. The family name refers to the fact that in some species there are 
backward-projecting tufts on the hind margin of the wings that protrude when the 
wings are folded. The larvae may be solitary, but many are nest builders. When 
disturbed, they often elevate each end of the body and remain attached by the four 
pairs of prolegs at the middle of the body. Larvae in some species spray a mixture of 
formic acid and other chemicals in response to attacks by predators (377). These 
chemicals can burn human skin (656). Many feed exposed on the foliage; others 
feed from within folded leaves or tents. 
The poplar tentmaker, Clostera inclusa (Hiibner), occurs in southern Canada 
and from New England to Georgia and Colorado, and feeds on various species of 
poplar and willow. The adult is brownish-gray with three whitish lines crossing each 
forewing, and it has a wingspread of about 25 mm. There is a crest of dark-brown 
hairs on the front of the thorax, and the hindwing is crossed by a wavy band. Full- 
grown larvae are brownish to nearly black and up to 42 mm in length. There are four 
lines of light yellow on top, and one bright and several indistinct lines and yellow 
marks are on the sides. Also, there are black tubercles on the tops of the first and 
eighth abdominal segments (878). 
Adults appear from March to April and from July to August, depending on 
location. Eggs are laid in clusters on the undersides of leaves. The larvae are 
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