generation per year. During certain years a high proportion of the oak seedlings in 
the Southeast are killed by this species. 
Callidium antennatum antennatum Newman occurs throughout the Eastern 
United States and breeds in dead or recently felled conifers, or in lumber with the 
bark on. It is especially common in dead pines in the South. The adult is flattened, 
bright metallic blue or bluish black and from 9 to 14 mm long (fig. 138A). Male 
antennae are somewhat shorter than the body; the thorax is rounded, with depres- 
sions on each side of the middle; and the legs are black with large femora. 
Adults appear early in the spring and deposit their eggs beneath bark scales on 
dead trees or on cut wood that has seasoned over winter. The larvae feed in the 
phloem and outer sapwood making broad, wavy tunnels in the wood (fig. 138B) 
and pushing large quantities of frass through small holes in the bark. Pupation 
occurs in the wood in long cells plugged with wads of fibrous frass. There is usually 
one generation per year. 
This species frequently causes serious losses to improperly edged lumber in 
lumber yards. Rustic work and houses built of pine logs are also subject to serious 
damage, the wood being badly riddled and weakened and the bark so loosened that 
it falls away. Prompt utilization of logs, the removal of wane on sawed lumber, and 
kiln drying are recommended methods of control. 
Callidium texanum Schaeffer, the blackhorned juniper borer, breeds in various 
conifers, preferably juniper, throughout the United States. Its habits are similar to 
those of C. antennatum antennatum. Other eastern species include: C. schotti 
Schaeffer, which breeds in the dead branches of eastern redcedar in the Midwest, 
and C. violaceum (L.), which occurs in pine, larch, and spruce in the Northeastern 
States. 
The genera Tylocerina and Neacanthocinus contain a number of species com- — 
monly known as pine bark borers (305). The adults are elongate, rather flattened, 
and from 7 to 28 mm long. They are also usually black and mottled or striped with 
grayish-white or brown pubescence. The basal joints of male antennae are fringed 
beneath with hairs, and the ovipositor of the female is characteristically extended. 
Tylocerina nodosa (F.) is a common species in the South, but is found as far 
north as Pennsylvania. It breeds in the thick bark of pine logs and in dying and 
recently killed pines. The adult (fig. 139) is gray with velvety black markings and is 
about 25 mm long. Male antennae are sometimes at least three times the length of 
the body. Eggs are deposited in pits chewed in the bark or in the exit holes of bark 
beetles. The larvae feed in the bark where they often compete with and destroy bark 
beetle broods. Pupation occurs in nestlike chambers in the bark, near the surface. 
There is one generation per year. 
Neacanthocinus obsoletus (Olivier) breeds in recently cut pine and balsam fir in 
eastern North America. The adults are 7 to 14 mm long. N. pusillus (Kirby) is 
limited to the northern tier of States from Maine to Minnesota and into Alaska. The 
adults are 7 to 10 mm long. It has been reared from windthrown and fire-killed red 
and jack pines, balsam fir, and spruce. 
Strophiona nitens (Forster), the chestnut bark borer, breeds in thick, moist bark 
in crotches and at the base of living chestnut and oak trees. The adult is velvety 
black and from 10 to 15 mm long. There are golden-yellow bands on the margins of 
the thorax and on the elytra. Damage is seldom serious although large patches of 
bark are sometimes killed. 
Stictoleptura canadensis (Olivier) breeds in dead pines, spruces, hemlock, and 
sometimes balsam fir in southern Canada and the Northern States. Living trees are 
304 
