structed from this wood is also subject to serious damage. Rapid utilization of 
girdled or felled trees and the storage of logs in ponds are effective control 
practices. 
Physocnemum brevilineum (Say), the elm bark borer, breeds in the corky bark 
of living elm trees in southern Canada and the Eastern and Central States (5/4). 
Adults are dark brown to black and from 9 to 20 mm long. The elytra are frequently 
bluish with three longitudinal white marks. Eggs are deposited beneath bark scales. 
The larvae feed in the phloem, constructing meandering, frass-packed galleries. 
The bark over these galleries dies and falls off. P. violaceipenne Hamilton breeds in 
the small branches of white oak in eastern Canada and the Northeastern States. 
Adults are 8 to 17 mm long. 
Parandra brunnea brunnea (F.), the pole borer, occurs in central and eastern 
North America, and attacks a wide variety of hardwoods and conifers. Logs, poles, 
and other wood products in contact with the ground, such as untreated crossties and 
structural timbers, are also infested. The adult is flat, shiny, mahogany-brown, and 
is from 8 to 21 mm long. Full-grown larvae taper slightly toward the rear and are 
about 30 mm long. 
Adults appear from July to October and deposit their eggs singly but close 
together, deep in either solid or decayed wood. Attacks on living trees are usually 
made at places where the wood is exposed such as at scars, wounds, or broken 
branches. The larvae feed in the wood for 3 or 4 years. Although the wood may be 
completely honeycombed, a covering shell of sapwood 1s always left intact. Pupa- 
tion occurs in a cell in the wood. Many of the adults do not emerge from the wood 
but mate and lay eggs in the cavities in which they are working. In living wood, the 
wounds where the larvae gain entry will often heal over, leaving no external signs of 
attack. Shade trees, telephone and telegraph poles, and structural wood in moist 
locations or in contact with the ground are subject to severe damage. A consider- 
able degree of protection of valuable shade trees can be provided by keeping them 
healthy, by the removal or treatment of exposed dead and decaying wood, and by 
covering pruning scars with paint. 
The cedartree borer, Semanotus ligneus (F.), occurs throughout the United 
States. Practically all species of conifers are subject to attack, but dying and 
recently felled thujas and junipers are preferred. Adults are dark brown to black and 
from 7 to 16 mm long. The thorax is rounded and hairy, except for several bare 
spots on the disk. The elytra are sometimes black, but are usually dark blue with 
yellow or orange markings. 
Eggs are deposited beneath bark scales in the spring. The larvae feed first 
beneath the bark, scarring the wood deeply. Then, they bore into the sapwood and 
occasionally the heartwood. There is one generation per year. A related species, the 
firtree borer, S. litigiosus (Casey), has been recorded from the Eastern United 
States, but is primarily western in distribution. Its hosts include several species of 
true firs, Douglas-fir, larch, plus several spruces. Male adults are usually all black, 
whereas females are black, marked with orange. 
The genera Asemum and Arhopalus contain a number of species that breed in the 
sapwood and heartwood of the stumps of felled trees and in the lower portions of 
dying trees. When abundant, the larvae may destroy large portions of the sapwood. 
Asemum striatum (L.) and Arhopalus rusticus obsoletus (Randall) are common 
eastern species. 
Tragosoma depsarius (L.), the hairy pine borer, occurs from coast to coast in 
southern Canada and the Northern States. It also occurs southward through the 
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