The adult is dark reddish-brown to black and from 3.5 to 6.5 mm long. The 
declivity is deeply excavated and coarsely punctured. Each side is armed with six 
teeth, and the apical margin is strongly produced. The egg galleries, usually three 
to five, radiate from a central nuptial chamber and run longitudinally, grooving both 
the bark and wood (fig. 167). The larval mines are broad, tortuous, often long, and 
transverse. In the South, the life cycle may be completed in 25 days, and there may 
be 6 or more generations per year. 
Ips grandicollis (Eichhoff), the southern pine engraver, occurs in eastern 
Canada and in the Eastern United States from Massachusetts to Minnesota, 
Nebraska, and Texas and south to Florida and Mississippi. Like J. calligraphus, it 
attacks any pine species available but its distribution north of the southern pine 
region is coincident with the distribution of pitch pine. Recently felled trees and 
slash are preferred, but the trunks and limbs of apparently healthy trees are also 
infested when attack occurs in concert with other bark beetle species. Heaviest 
infestations in large living trees are found on limbs and the upper portions of trunks. 
Spot- or group-killing of pines is characteristic of the species. During periods of 
extreme drought, these groups increase in size and abundance. Populations nor- 
mally develop in areas of recent logging operations. 
The adult is dark reddish-brown to black and from 2.8 to 4.7 mm long. The 
declivity is deeply excavated, coarsely punctured, armed with five teeth at each 
side, and the apical margin is strongly produced. The egg galleries, three to five, 
radiate from a central nuptial chamber and run longitudinally, grooving both the 
bark and wood (fig. 168). The larval mines are more or less transverse. In the 
South, the life cycle requires from 20 to 25 days, and there are 6 or more 
generations per year. 
The small southern pine engraver, /. avulsus (Eichhoff), the smallest species of 
Ips, breeds in all species of pines from southern Pennsylvania to Florida and Texas. 
Thin-barked slash, such as the limbs and tops, is preferred but groups of young, 
vigorous trees and the tops of large, living trees are also attacked frequently and 
killed. Attacks on large trees are usually associated with attacks on the lower 
portions of the trunks by other species of ps or Dendroctonus frontalis. Adults are 
attracted to freshly cut and injured trees. Any disturbance that causes pitch flow 
may induce attack. Spot-killing occurs at times among pines showing no evidence 
of previous injury or decreased vitality. 
The adult is reddish brown to black and about 2.3 to 2.8 mm long. The declivity 
is shallowly excavated and deeply punctured. Each side is armed with four small 
teeth and the apical margin is slightly produced. Adults make one to several long 
winding egg galleries that originate from a central nuptial chamber (fig. 169). 
Larval galleries are short, transverse, and each ends in a pupal cell in the phloem. 
In the South, the life cycle may be completed in 18 to 25 days, and there may be 10 
or more generations per year. 
The pine engraver, /. pini (Say), occurs throughout most of the coniferous 
forests of North America except the Pacific Coastal forests, the southern pine 
forests, and Mexico. In the Eastern States it is ubiquitous in the north and extends 
. south in the Appalachian Mountains to Georgia. It breeds in all species of pine and 
spruce within its range. Infestations usually develop in logging slash and windfalls 
or in trees dying of other causes. When heavy populations build up in this type of 
material, nearby healthy trees may be attacked and killed. Heavy infestations have 
occurred in cutover and burned-over areas in Canada. 
359 
