Cc r. 
Figure 169.—Galleries of the small southern pine 
engraver, /ps avulsus, in bark of shortleaf pine. Note 
radiating tunnels of adults, short larval mines, and 
pupal chambers. 
meandering food tunnels, deeply engraving the wood. Winter is spent in the adult 
stage on the ground. There appears to be three generations per year as far north as 
Wisconsin (1065). 
Other less common eastern species of /ps include: /. perturbatus (Eichhoff), the 
northern spruce engraver— breeds in white spruce in the Lake States and Canada; 
I. perroti Swaine—breeds in red and jack pines in Minnesota; /. borealis Swaine, 
the northern engraver—breeds in white spruce in Maine, Canada, and the Lake 
States; /. latidens (LeConte)—breeds in eastern white, red, jack, and Scotch pines; 
rarely in white spruce; and hemlock in New York, the Lake States, and adjacent 
parts of Canada. 
Lymantor decipiens (LeConte) occurs from Michigan and Quebec to Kansas and 
Mississippi. The adult is reddish brown and about 1.7 mm long. The antennal 
funicle is four-segmented, the club sutured on both sides and slightly longer than 
wide. It breeds in dead dry limbs, sprouts, and seedlings of living hickory, maple, 
and apple. Its burrows are constructed in the wood, usually just beneath the bark 
but sometimes deeper. The adults and larvae reportedly feed on certain black wood 
fungi that are always present in the dead wood. 
The genus Dryocoetes is represented in North America by seven species, five of 
which occur in eastern forests (/5/). They usually breed in the upper portions of 
trunks, in the roots of injured or dying trees, or in windfalls. Both coniferous and 
deciduous trees are attacked. 
Dryocoetes affaber (Mannerheim), the most common North American species, 
occurs throughout the spruce forests of the continent north of a line from North 
Carolina to New Mexico. Spruces are preferred hosts, but pines and larches are also 
attacked. Infestations occur in felled trees, stumps, and the trunks of standing trees. 
' The female adult is reddish brown to black, has the frons pubescent, and is from 2.5 
to 3.3 mm long. 
Dryocoetes autographus (Ratzeburg) is widely distributed in the coniferous 
forests of North America. Infestations are usually found at the base and in the roots 
of dying or injured standing trees, or in stumps or felled trees. A wide variety of 
361 
