Acantholyda zappei (Rohwer), the nesting-pine sawfly, occurs from Quebec to 
New Jersey west to Michigan. Its hosts are various species of pines such as red, 
jack, Austrian, pitch, and Japanese red. A full-grown larva is green, with a brown 
head and a dark-green dorsal stripe, and is about 18 to 25 mm long. Eggs are laid 
singly on young needles of the current year’s growth from late June to early July. 
Young larvae spin webs about themselves and fasten the outer threads to the 
needles. Needles are cut off near the base and drawn into the web where they are 
consumed. Webs are increased in size as the larvae develop, and may reach a length 
ot 13 cm by the time the larvae are full grown. Winter is spent as prepupae in cells 
in the soil, and pupation occurs in the spring. There is one generation per year 
(1370). 
Acantholyda circumcincta (Klug) has been recorded from New Brunswick, 
Quebec, Pennsylvania, Georgia, and Florida. During May and June 1968, it 
severely defoliated approximately 40 hectares of sand pine in west Florida. Known 
details of its life history are similar to those of A. erythrocephala (203). 
Some additional eastern species of Acantholyda, along with known hosts and 
known areas of distribution, include the following: A. apicalis Westwood—loblolly 
pine in North Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, Arkansas; A. pini Rohwer— 
red pine in Quebec, Ontario, Michigan, south to Georgia; A. angulata (Mac- 
Gillivray)—eastern white, pitch, jack, Austrian, and Japanese red pines in New 
Brunswick, Quebec, south to North Carolina, west to Minnesota; A. luteomaculata 
(Cresson)—white and jack pines, preferably eastern white, from New Brunswick 
to Connecticut, west to Ohio, Minnesota; A. floridana Greenbaum— slash and sand 
pines in Florida; A. maculiventris (Norton)—ftrs and white spruce from Labrador 
to North Carolina, west to British Columbia, Wyoming, California. 
Cephalcia fascipennis (Cresson) occurs in Quebec, Nova Scotia, New 
Hampshire, west to British Columbia. Its hosts are listed as blue and white spruces. 
Full-grown larvae have a black head and thorax, and a green body. They are about 
25 mm long. Ornamental spruce and hedges are sometimes rendered unsightly by 
the presence of larval nests (375). C. fulviceps (Rohwer) feeds on jack and red pines 
in southern Canada, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and New Jersey. C. marginata 
Middlekauff feeds on young red pines in Nova Scotia, Quebec, New York, Mas- 
sachusetts, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia. Its life history 
is discussed (277). 
Pamphilius phyllisae Middlekauff is widely distributed in Eastern United States 
and Canada (376). Only one outbreak has been recorded for P. phyllisae, and it 
occurred in Pennsylvania following a period of several droughty years. At this time 
the host severely impeded parasitism by encapsulating nearly all of the parasites 
(376). The life cycle may require | or more years, with about 6 weeks spent as 
feeding larvae. 
The plum webspinning sawfly, Neurotoma inconspicua (Norton), occurs in 
Quebec, Massachusetts to Pennsylvania, west to British Columbia, Montana, and 
Kansas. Its hosts are listed as hawthorn and various wild piums and wild cherries. 
The adults are black with supraocular spots, their wings are hyaline with faint bands 
beneath the stigma, and their legs are mostly reddish brown beyond the coxae. The 
larvae are gregarious; they web the foliage together to make webs somewhat similar 
to those of the fall webworm. Heavily infested trees no more than 1.8 m tall may 
support up to 25 webs, some of which may enclose entire branches. Such trees may 
be completely defoliated. 
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