It occurs throughout eastern North America and breeds in a wide variety of dead or 
weakened deciduous trees such as beech, maple, birch, elm, hickory, oak, and 
sycamore. The adult female is 37 to 50 mm long. The head, antennae, and thorax 
are reddish and black; the abdomen is black with ocher-yellow bands and spots 
along the sides; and the wings are smoky brown with a wingspread of 50 mm or 
more. Males are reddish, with some black, and are about 18 to 37 mm long. Full- 
grown larvae are whitish, cylindrical, and about 50 mm long. The abdomen ends in 
a short, strongly sclerotized and compressed process armed with two pairs of small 
teeth. 
The female bores through the bark into the wood to a depth of about 12 mm to 
deposit her eggs. Although laid singly, several eggs may be found near each other 
in a limited area. The fungus, Daedalea unicolor Bull. ex Fr., 1s essential for larval 
development (//60). The larvae feed by excavating tunnels entirely in the wood. 
This frequently weakens the tree and leads to windbreakage. Pupation occurs at the 
end of the larval tunnel and the adults emerge through circular holes about 8 mm in 
diameter. There appears to be one generation per year, although in New Brunswick, 
it has a minimum of a 2-year life cycle (1/60). 
Eriotremex formosanus (Matsumura), the Formosan horntail, a species pro- 
bably introduced from Taiwan or Indochina, has been collected from dead water 
oak and hardwood logs in Alabama and has been reported from Florida and 
Georgia. Female adults are black with yellow hairs on the head and body, yellow 
pronotum, yellow bands and spots on the abdomen, and yellowish to reddish- 
brown wings with the area around the stigmata of the forewings and apical margin 
of each wing infuscated. E. formosanus probably prefers dead, dying, or weaken- 
ed hardwood tress and may be similar in habits to Tremex columba (1100). 
Family Xiphydriidae 
Xiphydriids 
The family Xiphydriidae is represented in the United States and Canada by eight 
species, all of which occur in the Eastern United States. One species occurs west to 
the Northwest Territories, British Columbia, and Oregon. The adults are somewhat 
similar to those of the family Siricidae, but are only about 12 to 18 mm long, and 
the female ovipositor sheath is seldom longer than the last tergite. Adults are 
reddish, black and yellowish, or entirely black. Full-grown larvae are about 18 mm 
long and the abdomen ends with a brown concave prong ornamented with teeth on 
the underside. As a rule, the larvae feed in moderately sound to partly decayed 
wood of deciduous trees, usually in small branches. Adults sometimes emerge from 
firewood brought inside, but they are no threat to people or property (//02). Few, if 
any, are ever very abundant. 
Eastern species and their known hosts and distribution are as follows: Xiphydria 
abdominalis Say—basswood from southern Canada to North Carolina, Wisconsin, 
and lowa; X. maculata Say—maple in Canada and most of the Eastern United 
States except the Gulf States; X. tibialis Say—elm, birch, beech, American 
hornbeam, oak, and hawthorn in southeastern Canada from Nova Scotia, Quebec, 
south to Florida and west to Wisconsin, Illinois, and Kansas; X. hicoriae Rohwer— 
hickory and elm in southeastern Canada and from Massachusetts and New Jersey to 
Illinois; X. mellipes Harris—birch from Nova Scotia to North Carolina west to the 
Northwest Territories, British Columbia, and Oregon. 
Family Orussidae 
Orussids 
Five species of the family Orussidae have been recorded from the United States 
and Canada, three of which occur in the Eastern United States. The adults are 
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