Dolichogenidea (= Apanteles) lacteicolor Viereck (825), a parasite of the 
browntail moth in Europe, was introduced in 1907, established in the United States 
by 1908, and is now generally distributed throughout the range of its host. Studies 
made several! years after its establishment showed a rate of parasitization less than 
10 percent of overwintering larvae over a wide area (2/8). Winter is spent within 
young browntail moth larvae. The adults appear in the spring, and two generations 
may develop utilizing alternate hosts (1/73, 894). 
Cotesia (= Apanteles) melanoscelus (Ratzeburg) (825), a European parasite of 
the gypsy moth, was introduced to New England in 1911 and 1912 and became 
established quickly. Later, it was recolonized widely and is now generally estab- 
lished over the infested area of New England. Parasitization is sometimes high in 
localized areas in the Northeast. Its abundance is greatly reduced in the spring by 
hyperparasites that attack overwintered cocoons. Under the name Apanteles soli- 
tarius (Ratzeburg), this parasite was released in New England against the satin moth 
in 1927. Parasitization as high as 67 percent has been recorded. The winter is spent 
either as a first instar in a satin moth larva or as a prepupa in a satin moth cocoon. 
Thus, two separate broods of adults arise from the overwintering generation, each 
of which produces a second generation during the summer (957). 
Phanomeris phyllotomae Muesebeck was imported from Austria to New England 
and New York in the early 1930’s against the birch leaf-mining sawfly. It became 
established but its effectiveness in suppression has not been determined. There is 
one generation a year (327). 
Orgilus obscurator (Nees) was imported by the United States and Canada in the 
1930’s against the European pine shoot moth and is now widely distributed in most 
shoot moth infested areas. Parasitization is variable, and in the United States, has 
ranged from very low to as high as 50 percent. Significant levels of parasitization 
have also been recorded in parts of Canada. Winter is spent as a first or second 
instar within the hibernating host larva and there is one generation per year. 
Family Ichneumonidae 
Ichneumons 
There are more than 3,000 described species of ichneumons in the United States 
and Canada, and probably at least 5,000 undescribed ones (/208). The family has 
been divided into 27 subfamilies and 502 genera (697). All members of the family 
are parasites of the larvae and pupae of holometablous insects, or of spiders, spider 
egg sacs, or pseudoscorpions. The majority of insect hosts belong to the order 
Lepidoptera, but many species of Hymenoptera, especially the sawflies, and a 
considerable number of Coleoptera are attacked. 
Ichneumon adults vary greatly in size, form, and coloration. They resemble 
slender stinging wasps, but differ in having the antennae longer and with more 
segments, in having the trochanter two-segmented, in having the ovipositor perma- 
nently extended, and in lacking a costal cell in the front wing. They also resemble 
adult braconids but differ in having two recurrent veins in the forewing instead of 
just one. 
Forest and shade tree insects are parasitized by a great many species of ich- 
neumons, far too many to mention here (697). The majority are native to this 
continent and attack native hosts. In addition to these, a number of species have 
been introduced from abroad against several important introduced hosts (328). 
Pleolophus basizonus (Gravenhorst), a European parasite of sawfly cocoons, was 
introduced originally to Canada against the European spruce sawfly during the 
1930’s, and several colonies were made available for liberation in the United States 
414 
