against both the European spruce sawfly and the European pine sawfly. It became 
established on the European pine sawfly, which it parasitizes heavily at times. P. 
basizonus also has been reared from cocoons of the introduced pine sawfly in North 
Carolina and from Neodiprion pratti paradoxicus in New Jersey (328). It has not 
been recovered from the European spruce sawfly in the United States. 
Exenterus amictorius (Panzer), a parasite of the European pine sawfly in Europe, 
was imported to Canada during the 1930’s against the European spruce sawfly and 
European pine sawfly. Colonies were later made available for release in the United 
States. It is an important parasite of the introduced pine sawfly in Wisconsin and 
North Carolina, and has been recovered from several Neodiprion species including 
N. sertifer, N. lecontei, N. nanulus nanulus, and N. swainei (697). 
Mesoleius tenthredinis Morley was imported to Canada from England in 1910 
and 1911 and liberated against the larch sawfly in Ontario, Canada. A small colony 
was also released against the sawfly in Michigan. It became established and for 
many years effected considerable suppression. Gradually though, the host devel- 
oped an immunity to the parasite in many portions of its range, thereby greatly 
reducing its effectiveness. A Bavarian strain of M. tenthredinis is showing consider- 
able promise in Canada (1216). Olesicampe benefactor Hinz was introduced from 
Europe to Canada to supplant M. tenthredinis in suppression attempts against the 
larch sawfly. It is doing this very well in the Prairie Provinces and is established in 
Minnesota (629, 704, 896), and a recent release seems promising in Pennsylvania 
(341). 
Coccygomimus turionellae turionellae (L.), a European parasite of the pupae of 
many Lepidoptera, was imported against the European pine shoot moth during the 
1930’s without success. Releases have been made against other lepidopterans, and 
though it has not been recovered in the United States, it is apparently established in 
southern Ontario (697). 
Temelucha interruptor (Gravenhorst) was imported from England and Europe 
against the European pine shoot moth during the 1930’s. It became established and 
was recovered in Connecticut, New Jersey, and southern New York in 1937. Ten 
years later, however, it had almost disappeared, being collected at only one point in 
Connecticut. This species is cleptoparasitic on Orgilus obscurator and thus is 
detrimental to the biological control program against the European pine shoot moth 
(697). 
Eastern forest insects also are attacked by numerous native species of ich- 
neumonid parasites. /toplectis conquisitor (Say) parasitizes a tremendous number 
of species, and is especially important. /. quadricingulata (Provancher) and /. 
viduata (Gravenhorst) also attack a great many species. Megarhyssa macrurus (L.) 
is a conspicuous parasite of the pigeon tremex. 
Superfamily Chalcidoidea 
Chalcids 
This superfamily contains more species than any other superfamily in the order 
Hymenoptera. It contains, among its families, probably a majority of all ento- 
mophagous insects, with an extremely wide range in form, habits, host preferences, 
and host relationships. The entomophagous species make up the majority and are 
mostly beneficial, but there also are a number of phytophagous species, many of 
which are economic pests. The species occurring in the United States and Canada 
originally were divided into 21 families and more than 460 genera (974); however, 
current researchers divide the superfamily into 11 families, 490 genera, and more 
than 2,000 species (697). 
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