Tetrastichus brevistigma Gahan 1s a pupal parasite of the elm leaf beetle. Adults, 
are black with a slight metallic-green tinge and are only about 0.5 to 1.5 mm long. 
An average of 12 parasite larvae develop in each pupa and there are three or four 
generations per year. Parasitization as high as 50 to 80 percent occurs commonly in 
the vicinity of Boston, Mass., where it was introduced from California. T. holbeini 
Girault and T. rugglesi Rohwer attack several species of Chrysobothris and Agrilus, 
respectively. 
Dimmockia incongrua (Ashmead) parasitizes the gypsy moth and many other 
species of Lepidoptera, although it 1s almost always a secondary parasite (697). 
Elachertus cacoeciae Howard parasitizes various species of Lepidoptera. Members 
of the genus Hyssopus parasitize several species of shoot and tip moths and seed- 
and cone-infesting insects. 
Family Encyrtidae 
Encyrtids 
This is a large family of parasites. Insect hosts are widely distributed among the 
various orders, but the majority of species are parasitic on aphids, scales, and 
whiteflies. Adults are | to 2 mm long. 
Coccophagus insidiator (Dalman), a European parasite of the introduced Euro- 
pean elm scale, was discovered at Ithaca, N.Y., in 1924, where it was parasitizing 
the scale quite heavily. It had apparently been introduced to the area by accident. 
The female is an endoparasite of the scale; the male an ectoparasite of the larval 
stage of the female parasite. There may be three to five generations per year. 
Ooencyrtus kuvanae (Howard), a parasite of gypsy moth eggs, was introduced to 
the United States in 1908 and 1909 from Japan (/5, 267). The adult 1s black and 
about | mm long. Winter is spent in the adult stage, during which mortality may be 
severe. 
Surviving adults appear during April and lay their eggs in the overwintered eggs 
of the host. There may be one or two spring generations; for the entire year there 
may be four or five generations. This species is an important parasite of the gypsy 
moth in the southern portion of its range. Parasitization of 40 to 50 percent 
frequently occurs in Massachusetts and Connecticut. O. ennomophagus Yoshimoto 
(fig. 199), a parthenogenetic member of this family, was responsible for the 
suppression of the elm spanworm in Connecticut in the early 1970’s (/5). It 
develops only in unembryonated eggs of its hosts (653). O. trinidadensis Crawford 
parasitizes eggs of the leaffooted pine seed bug and of the shieldbacked pine seed 
bug, both pests of loblolly pine cones and seed. 
~~ 
F-531262 
Figure 199.—Ooencyrtus ennomophagus parasitizing 
eggs of Eutrapela clemataria, the purplish-brown 
looper. 
418 
