Habrolepis dalmanni (Westwood) is sometimes fairly common as a parasite of 
the golden oak and oystershell scales in this country. It has been introduced to New 
Zealand from New England and is credited with having saved the oaks in that 
country. Kermes pubescens Bogue, another oak scale, is attacked by at least five 
other species of encyrtids. The European fruit lecanium is attacked by more than 20 
different species. The San Jose scale and oystershell scale are also attacked by 
several species. 
Family Eupelmidae 
Eupelmids 
Members of the family Eupelmidae parasitize a wide range of insects including 
Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, and Ho- 
moptera. Many other species are hyperparasitic and a few are phytophagous. 
Anastatus disparis Ruschka, an egg parasite of the gypsy moth in Europe and 
Japan, was introduced to New England in 1906, and quickly became established 
(15, 267). It is now generally distributed throughout the infested parts of New 
England. Adult females are marked with green and brown, have two broad fuscous 
bands on the wings, and are 2 to 3 mm long. Males are greenish black with hyaline 
wings, and are only about 2 mm long. The winter is spent as a mature larva within 
the gypsy moth egg. Adults appear in June and July and lay their eggs in egg masses 
of the host. Hatching occurs quickly and larval development is rapid, as the 
hibernating stage is reached within about 2 weeks. Yet, there is only one generation 
per year. This species is usually scarce in areas where the egg parasite, O. kuvanae, 
also occurs. Interspecific competition may be the cause. A. reduvii (Howard) is an 
egg parasite of the leaffooted pine seed bug and the shieldbacked pine seed bug. 
A few other species of eupelmid parasites and some of their hosts are: Eupelmella 
vesicularis (Retzius)—gypsy moth, satin moth, forest tent caterpillar, European 
pine shoot moth, and several species of pine sawflies; Eupelmus cyaniceps Ash- 
mead—webbing coneworm, Nantucket pine tip moth, bagworm, smaller European 
elm bark beetle, European pine shoot moth, and bagworm; E. pini Taylor—white 
pine weevil; EF. allynii (French)—various species of tree crickets; and Metapelma 
spectabile Westwood—buprestid and cerambycid borers. 
Family Eucharitidae 
Eucharitids 
The family Eucharitidae comprises only 6 genera and 28 species. As far as 
known, all species are parasitic on the pupae of ants. Adults are distinguished by the 
configuration of the scutellum, which is frequently produced backward in the form 
of powerful spines (697). 
Family Torymidae 
Torymids 
Most members of this fairly large family (27 genera and 175 North American 
species) are parasites of gall-forming insects (697). A number of others are parasitic 
on various lepidopterous larvae; many feed in the seeds of various plants; and some 
act as hyperparasites. 
The genus Jorymus contains a large number of species that parasitize the 
immature stages of gall-forming cynipids and gall midges. T. rugg/esi Milliron has 
been collected from the seeds of American holly in Delaware. 
Members of the genus Megastigmus are all phytophagous, developing in the 
seeds of plants. Eastern species include M. amelanchieris Cushman—on ser- 
viceberry; M. laricis Marcovitch—on larch; and M. specularis Walley—on balsam 
fir. The latter has destroyed up to 40 percent of balsam fir seed during certain years 
in eastern Canada. 
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