Schizonotus latus (Walker), a primary parasite of the imported willow leaf beetle 
and several allied species of Chrysomelidae, is widely distributed in the Eastern 
United States. The larva feeds externally on the pupa of its host. High percentages 
of parasitization were recorded over a 3-year period in the vicinity of Boston, 
Mass., but host populations were not materially reduced (326). 
Dibrachys cavus (Walker) 1s a hyperparasite of many primary parasites, but also 
acts as a primary parasite. It is extremely destructive to many beneficial parasites. 
In common with the adults of many other parasites, the adults often feed at puncture 
holes made by their ovipositors. This results in the death of many larvae that are not 
parasitized. 
Family Eurytomidae 
Eurytomids 
This family contains a number of both phytophagous and entomophagous spe- 
cies. Many form galls in the stems of grasses and other plants; some are parasites of 
gall-forming Diptera and Hymenoptera; a few are egg parasites of Orthoptera; and 
others are parasites of various tree-infesting Coleoptera. Adults are usually black 
and the abdomen is rounded or oval and somewhat compressed. 
Eurytoma pissodis Girault is one of the most important parasites of the white pine 
weevil. The adult is dull black on the thorax, glossy black on its shining abdomen, 
has conspicuous red eyes, and is from 3 to 6 mm long. Eggs are laid on mature 
weevil larvae and the winter is spent as a prepupa within the pupal cell of the host. 
Parasitization of at least 50 percent has been recorded in some white pine weevil 
infestations. 
Species parasitic on other important forest insects include: E. pini Bugbee—on 
European pine shoot moth, Nantucket pine tip moth, pitch pine tip moth, and 
possibly the introduced pine sawfly; E. tylodermatis Ashmead—on hickory shuck- 
worm, European pine shoot moth, and Nantucket pine tip moth; and E. magdalidis 
Ashmead—on southern pine beetle and Pityophthorus liquidambarus Blackman. 
Family Chalcididae 
Chalcids 
The family Chalcididae contains many primary and secondary parasites of 
Lepidoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, and Orthoptera. The adults of certain species are 
fairly large and conspicuous; all are solitary in habit and practically all develop 
inside their hosts. 
A few of the more important species and their hosts are: Haltichella rhyacionia 
Gahan—Nantucket pine tip moth, pitch pine tip moth, and a western pine tip moth; 
H. xanticles (Walker)—European pine shoot moth and oak skeletonizer; Phas- 
gonophora sulcata Westwood—bronze birch and flatheaded appletree borers; Trig- 
onura elegans (Provancher)—several species of woodborers including flatheaded 
appletree borer, red elm bark and black elm bark weevils; Spilochalcis albifrons 
(Walsh)—numerous hosts including locust and arborvitae leafminers, and larch 
casebearer; S. flavopicta (Cresson)—Nantucket pine tip moth; S. mariae (Riley) — 
bagworm and several species of saturniid moths; Brachymeria compsilurae 
(Crawford)—tachinid flies, especially Compsilura concinnata (Meigen) and 
Blepharipa pratensis (Meigen) (325); and B. ovata (Say)—a wide variety of 
lepidopterous hosts including whitemarked tussock moth, hemlock looper, and 
bagworm. 
Superfamily Cynipoidea 
The superfamily Cynipoidea consists of very small, dark-colored wasps. Many 
species are gall makers or gall inquilines. The remainder are parasitic on other 
insects. This superfamily is divided into six families—Ibaliidae, Liopteridae, 
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