Amphibolips confluenta (Harris), the large oak-apple gall (fig. 204), occurs 
from southern Canada to Virginia. It produces galls on the leaves or leaf petioles of 
various Oaks, principally red, black, and scarlet. These galls are large, from 12 to 
50 mm in diameter, and greenish to brownish, depending on age. The related 
species, A. quercusfuliginosa (Ashmead), produces globose galls on the sides of the 
acorn cups of willow and laurel oaks in Florida. 
Dryocosmus quercuspalustris (Osten Sacken), the succulent oak gall, occurs 
from southern Canada and New England to Florida and west to lowa and Louisiana. 
It induces somewhat circular, succulent galls from 9 to 12 mm in diameter on the 
leaves or axils of staminate flowers of red oaks. The galls are fleshy walled and 
hollow, except for a free-rolling cell about 2.5 mm in diameter. D. kuriphilus 
Yasumatsu, native to Japan and Korea, is a pest of Chinese and Japanese chestnuts 
in Georgia where it was found in 1974 (967). 
Xanthoteras quercusforticorne (Walsh), the oak fig gall, induces galls on the 
leaves, twigs, and stems of white oaks in the Eastern States north of Virginia and 
west to Minnesota. Early in the season they are reddish and bladderlike. Sometimes 
they occur around a twig in dense clusters up to 8 cm long, and the irregular masses 
look like pressed figs. 
Superfamily Evanioidea—Family Evaniidae 
Ensign Wasps 
Members of this small family of spiderlike wasps are parasitic in the egg capsules 
of cockroaches. Adults are about 10 to 15 mm long and are distinguished by very 
2 Courtesy Can. For. Serv., Can. Dep. Environ., 
; Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. 
Figure 204.—Large oak-apple gall caused by 
Amphibolips confluenta. 
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