52 BEES AND BEE-KEEPING. 



We now pass to consider more in detail the 

 structure of the head, or cephalic ganglia, which 

 should show us the evident relation subsisting be- 

 tween the wants of the animal and those curious 

 endowments which come to it, we know whence, 

 though we know not how, in the quietude and dark- 

 ness of the little waxen cell. 



Looking to Fig. n, B, we find in the head the 

 upper view of the supra-cesophageal, with the collar 

 uniting it to the sub-cesophageal ganglion, while, in 

 Fig. 12, we have a front and enlarged view of the 

 same. The former ganglion, or brain, is so soft and 

 transparent, that it is hardly possible to trace its form 

 without the use of some hardening agent, such as 

 alcohol, or chromic acid; but for a microscopic exami- 

 nation of the character of its substance we must 

 operate upon a bee in a perfectly fresh state. The 

 upper part of the cranium being removed, we come 

 first upon salivary glands, numerous tracheal, and 

 tracheal sacs, covering up the brainy which is itself 

 inclosed in a double membrane, like the pia and dura 

 mater of higher animals ; these stripped off, we reach 

 the pulpy material of the cerebral mass, consisting, for 

 the most part, of transparent globules, from * th to 

 •g-oV^th of an inch in diameter. If now we pour over 

 this some solidifying material— and, for popular work, 

 turpentine will answer well— we find it does not become 

 uniformly white and opaque, but convolutions, such as 

 seen at p, Fig. 12, begin to make their appearance 

 near to the ocelli, or simple eyes (0). By decrees 

 removing the pulpy mass which covers over "these 

 convolutions, we find the latter to be an interior sub 



