TONGUE AND MOUTH PARTS. 89 



prevent it; and so an endo-skeleton, or inner frame- 

 work, is added, its most important part being a 

 pair of strong rods — the meso-cephalic pillars (mcp, 

 Fig. 18) — running from front to back, and attached by 

 their extremities, just outside and below the antennae, 

 and at the rear of the head, beneath and on each 

 side of the occipital opening, the orifice through 

 which junction is made with the thorax. In a lower 

 position are placed a second pair of internal girder- 

 like forms, supplying attachment to the cardos (c, 

 Fig. 18), which, in turn, act as levers to the lower lip, 

 of which we shall speak presently. 



Let us, whilst carefully consulting our illustrations, 

 direct our attention to the well-worn but ever fresh, the 

 charming but still difficult, problem of the mouth parts 

 of the bee, about which, perhaps, more has been written, 

 and more error propagated, than any other organism 

 of equal size in this wondrous creation. This verit- 

 able crux of anatomists, with its delicate complexity, 

 was far beyond the powers of the older instruments 

 of research, and so we regretfully leave the achieve- 

 ments of bygone worthies, with all their testimony to 

 patience and to conscientious adherence to truth, 

 notwithstanding many contradictions, since we now 

 cover all their ground, and far more. Recently, the 

 brilliant monograph of Dr. O. J. B. Wolff* has added 

 much to our knowledge, while investigations by Mr. 

 Chambers and Mr. J. D. Hyattf have given new 

 light on the other side of the Atlantic. From the 

 two latter, Professor Cook, in his " Manual of the 



* See Footnote, page 79. 

 f American Quarterly Microscopical Journal, vol. i., page 287. 



