ORGANS OF SPECIAL SENSE. 103 



We have already seen that bees are not wanting 

 in the sense of touch, although it does not reside in 

 the exo-skeleton, but in multitudes of tactile hairs, 

 distributed as required. The sense of taste, too, is 

 possessed by the mouth and tongue, the hypo-pharyngeal 

 plate in the first being pierced for nervous exten- 

 sions (page 78), while the second has, on each side, at 

 its root, thirty-two papillae, which are entered by 

 nerve end cells, just at the spot in which the nectar 

 meets the salivary secretion. In addition, analogy 

 seems to point to the nerve endings of the epipharynx 

 as also being taste organs. As the use of the eye 

 is obvious enough — upon the supposition that bees 

 may enjoy the senses common to animals higher in 

 the scale of creation — we have yet to look for organs 

 of hearing and smelling, and it will be well for us 

 to bear this in mind as we investigate the antennae, 

 commencing with those of the worker. 



These cylindrical organs (a, Plate II.) are inserted 

 near to each other, just above the margin of the 

 clypeus, and consist of two main portions — a single long 

 joint, denominated the scape, and eleven succeeding 

 short joints, called the flagellum. By a hemispherical 

 cup, the scape is articulated to the cranium, the latter 

 being moulded into a concavity (shown by shading in 

 the Plate), to permit of the widest range of motion on 

 the part of the former. The movements of the scape 

 are controlled by three muscles, seen lying behind the 

 antenna root (Fig. 18). One throws it outwards, the 

 second raises and draws inwards, the third depresses. 

 Two muscles in the scape itself {lm, dm, Fig. 20) 

 move the flagellum. The second, third, and fourth 



