BEES AS FRUIT-PRODUCERS. 325 



The raspberry gives the bee good return for its 

 work by yielding honey of excellent quality, and the 

 whole arrangement of its inflorescence points to an 

 effort to secure crossing. The petals (p, p, A, Fig. 70) 

 are small, and widely placed, while within them are 

 disposed about ninety anthers (a, a), on longer and 

 shorter filaments, which are set back, away from the 

 stigmas (s), one of which is carried by each of the 

 sixty or seventy drupels (D) making up the raspberry. 

 Examining a flower with a hand magnifier, we find 

 a circle of glistening dots (no) upon the receptacle, 

 and between the anthers and drupels. These dots 

 consist of nectar, furnished by secreting cells (nc) 

 beneath. The bee alights upon the only solid resting- 

 place, the drupels, and applies her tongue rapidly to 

 dot after dot, revolving her body during the operation, 

 by which she gets dusted, on one side and beneath, 

 with pollen. Passing to the next blossom, she repeats 

 the operation, commonly with a difference which is 

 of primal importance : she revolves in the opposite 

 direction, by which she brings into play new muscles, 

 and rests those of the side which have just been exer- 

 cised. The result is evident : the pollen acquired 

 on the previous visit is applied to the numerous stig- 

 matic faces waiting to receive it, which, as we have 

 so often seen, again secure crossing. Each seed thus 

 fertilised is soon surrounded by the luscious envelope 

 which protects the seed from injury, and makes the 

 manufacture of raspberry jam a possibility. These 

 rounded, red masses are never formed unless fertilisa- 

 tion has taken place, neither ripening nor growth 

 being possible in its absence. When the season 



