53 





1908 



Quantity Value 

 lbs. Rupees 



ic 



Quantity 

 lbs. 



>09 



Value 

 Rupees 



Rotterdam . , 



; . 560351 



141 704 



3 007 720 



712148 



London . . 



. . 2 283 330 



600 075 



1 592 492 



405 447 



Hamburg . . . 



. 3 296 968 



886 785 



4 498 151 



1 111 183 



Marseilles . . , 



. . 894 986 



225 757 



1 041 827 



250 876. 



The shares taken by the principal countries of destination in the 

 years 1909 (and 1908), expressed in percentages, were as follows: — 



India 32,32 (46,0), Germany 25,9 (22,3), United Kingdom 7,9 (15,1), 

 U.S.America 11,4 (4,6), Netherlands 13,7 (3,6), France 4,7 (5,7). 



As in previous years, it is again explained that in the Customs Returns 

 the cloves shipped in German bottoms are declared as having been ex- 

 ported to Germany, although the documents are mostly made out "Option 

 Rotterdam-London". London is the world's emporium for cloves, and the 

 greater part of the material which figures in the Returns as shipped to 

 Hamburg goes in fact to the Thames. 



In the crop-year 1908/09 (August to )uly) the total quantity of cloves 

 collected amounted to 615418 frazileh, of which 165733 frazileh were 

 gathered on the island of Zanzibar and 449685 on the island of Pemba. 

 The average price of the year was 8 Rupees 5 Annas for Pemba cloves 

 and for Zanzibar cloves a little more. 



We may here also give the figures for the crop-year 1909/10 for pur- 

 poses of comparison. The total quantity gathered was 480000 frazileh, 

 viz., 160000 on the island of Zanzibar and 320000 on the island of Pemba. 

 The average price of the year for Pemba cloves was 9 Rupees 12 Annas, 



The exports of clove stems in the year 1909 reached a total of 

 4546712 lbs. and a value of 294598 Rupees; the greater part going to 

 Hamburg. Of clove fruit (mother-cloves) 1400 lbs. of a value of 100 Rupees 

 went to Germany. 



C. E. Sage 1 ) has made some interesting experiments in the increase 

 of the specific gravity with the ageing of oil of cloves. He kept several 

 samples of cloves, exposed to broad daylight, partly in pint bottles of 

 which the corks were removed at frequent intervals and partly in small, 

 white glass corked bottles which were kept permanently closed. The ob- 

 ject of the experiment was to ascertain what changes clove oil undergoes 

 when kept under different conditions. The small bottles were only opened 

 when it was found that the oil which was kept in the pint bottles, which 

 had frequently been opened, had gradually and permanently increased its 

 sp. gr. in the course of the year (from about 1,0496 to 1,0514) while the 

 samples in the small bottles which had been protected from access of 

 air, had remained almost unaltered. After another lapse of 10 years, 



x ) Perfum. and Essent. oil Record 1 (1910), 243. 



