— 39 — 

 the principal boiling temperature lies between 143 and 149 (40 mm. 



oao 



pressure). The distillate has d^ 0,9053, and when again distilled at 

 760 mm. pressure passes over almost without residue between 255 

 and 2 6 7 . If the crude material, however, is at once distilled without 

 steam in vacuo, the volatile oil passes over at 40 mm. pressure 

 up to 170 , but without a constant boiling point, and consists (in 

 addition to a small quantity of water) of about 73% of the original 

 specimen. This oil boils on redistillation within 7 and probably represents 

 a mixture of sesquiterpenes, among which cadinene was isolated, in the 

 form of cadinene hydrochloride (m. p. 1 1 7 to 1 1 8°), by the introduction 

 of hydrochloric acid in the acetic solution of the distillate; the regenerated 

 cadinene showed a boiling point of 164 to 165 (38 mm. pressure); 

 a D30° (50 mm. tube) — 39 . The fact that neither sodium nor phos- 

 phorus pentoxide in benzene acted on the oil proved the absence 

 of alcohol-like bodies. The residue of the vacuum- destination had a 

 light brown colour, became semi-solid when cooled, and dissolved in 

 all solvents except alcohol which separated off the above-mentioned 

 hydrocarbon. The latter neither absorbed bromine nor discoloured 

 potassium permanganate solution when heated. Substances of a similar 

 character (probably paraffins) frequently occur in resinous products, and 

 also in essential oils 1 ). The saponification number of the residue 

 was 64, the acid no. 60; the amount of saponifiable substances is con- 

 sequently practically nil. 



2. Apitong oil (Baiao). The mother-plant of this oil which is 

 universally known among the natives is Dipterocarpus grandifluus. The 

 balsam which in its composition resembles the one just described, 

 consists chiefly of a solid resin, water, and 25 to 40 /o OI volatile 

 oil. It is used for calking vessels, or as a wood varnish, and for 

 these purposes is mixed with another solid resin, or with lime; it is 

 also sometimes used for lighting purposes. If the resin exudes with 

 difficulty from the tapped tree, it is set on fire; the product then 

 rapidly running out acquires in such case a dark colour. The 

 maximum quantity which one tree is capable of yielding per day 

 amounts to about 1 kilo. In the fresh state the resin is white, but 

 it gradually becomes darker, and when left standing, readily dries up 

 in a thin film; it forms no homogeneous liquid, and contains large 

 quantities of granular substances which do not dissolve but remain 

 suspended in the liquid. It has a faint but characteristic odour, 

 appears to dissolve in all solvents except alcohol, and contains water 

 which cannot be separated off at once. Only when the balsam is 

 mixed with an oil containing sesquiterpene, and then heated in an 

 oil bath (above 140 ), the water disappears, and if heated considerably 



*) Comp. Gildemeister and Hoffmann, The Volatile Oils, p. 99. 



