320 



MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 



little shorter than the glumes, the callus bearded; palea nearly as 

 long as the lemma. Tough, rather coarse, erect perennials, with 

 hard, scaly, creeping rhizomes, long, tough, involute blades, and 

 pale, dense spikelike panicles. Type species, Ammophila arenaria. 

 Named from the Greek ammos, sand, and philos, 

 loving, alluding to the habitat. 



The species of Ammophila are important 

 sand-binding grasses, A. arenaria being used in 

 northern Europe to hold the barrier dunes along 

 the coast. In this country it has been tried 

 with success on Cape Cod and at Golden Gate 

 Park, San Francisco. Called also marram, 

 psamma, and sea sandreed. 



Ligule thin, 10 to 30 mm long 1. A. arenaria. 



Ligule firm, 1 to 3 mm long_ _ 2. A. breviligulata. 



1. Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link. European 

 beachgrass. (Fig. 644, B.) Culms 50 to 150 

 cm tall, with deep extensively creeping rhi- 

 zomes; ligule thin, 1 to 3 cm long, blades elongate, firm, soon involute, 

 tapering to a fine point, the upper surface puberulent; panicle 10 to 

 20 cm long; spikelets 1.2 to 1.5 cm long; glumes glabrous, scabrous 

 on the keels, the first 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved; lemma scabrous, 

 the callus hairs about 3 mm long, the rachilla about 2 mm long. <2l 

 — Sand dunes along the coast from San Francisco to Oregon; intro- 



Figure 642.— Calamagrostis 

 crassiglumis. Panicle, X 1; 

 glumes and floret, X 10. 

 (Suksdorf 1024, Wash.) 



Figure 643.— Calamagrostis epigeios. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Fernald 757, Mass.) 



duced as a sand binder in the vicinity of San Francisco and now es- 

 tablished at several places to the north; coast of Europe. 



2. Ammophila breviligulata Fernald. American beachgrass. 

 (Fig. 644, A.) Similar to A. arenaria; ligule firm, 1 to 3 mm long; 

 blades scaberulous on the upper surface; callus hairs shorter. 01 

 — Sand dunes along the coast from Newfoundland to North Carolina, 

 and on the shores of the Great Lakes from Lake Ontario to Lake 

 Superior and Lake Michigan (fig. 645). 



