STUDIES OF MAMMALIAN LIFE HISTORIES 9 
B. Behavior—Continued. 
voice, glands and their secretions (hip glands, metatarsal glands, 
back glands, belly glands, musk glands, foot glands, anal glands, 
sex glands) ; special sensory structures, as hairs, vibrissae, rhi- 
naria, specialized skin; fleshy tactile appendages; attitudes in 
listening, touching, sniffing, looking, tasting; kinesthetic sense; 
orientation. 
(3) Means of intercommunication—call notes of location, appeal, terror, 
courting, alarm, challenge, warning, concealment; barking, baying, 
screaming, howling, squeaking, squealing, singing, tapping, drum- 
ming, purring, roaring, bugling; warning attitudes; flash signals; 
emission of glandular secretions; odors and odor posts; touch. 
(4) Times of activity and leisure—hours of beginning and ending daily 
activity ; times of appearance and disappearance, as of bats and 
other nocturnal species; unusual activity, as nocturnal species 
by day or diurnal species by night; hours of work, rest, sleeping, 
feeding, drinking; effects of weather on activities; attitudes and 
conditions when sunning, basking, sleeping; differences in activi- 
ties caused by temperature, moisture, Seasonal food supply, or 
breeding. 
(5) Moyements—in running, jumping, climbing, digging, swimming, fly- 
ing; gaits, speeds; length of strides, height of jumps; endurance; 
holding or balancing objects; manual, pedal, or caudal dexterity; 
habits or tricks for protection or direction; time and range of 
travel; regularity of use of Same travel way. 
(6) Eating and drinking—list of foods eaten indicating range of adapta- 
bility ; foods at different seasons; food preferences; need for salt 
or other mineral materials; need for roughage; conveyance and 
storage of food; periods when stored food is used; food caches, 
as of mountain lions, bears, or rodents; times of harvesting and 
feeding; variations and reasons therefor; capacity for carrying 
or dragging food; quantities carried in cheek pouches, mouth, or 
paws; cleaning or washing of food; hay making and storing; 
quantities of food stored and eaten; effects of food getting on 
plant and animal surroundings; manner of capture of prey, chas- 
ing, sudden charging, lying in wait; manner of killing prey ; migra- 
tion or movement in relation to prey; disposition after killing; 
portions eaten; manner of eating; cannibalism; dependence on 
water; time and manner of drinking; associated habits. 
(7) Sanitation—cleanly or uncleanly habits; place of urination and 
defecation; condition of dens, nests, burrows, trails; bathing— 
dust baths, mud baths, sun baths, water baths; care of fur or hair, 
scratching, combing, cleaning, biting, personal toilet. 
(8) Flocking or nonflocking—solitary habits; gregariousness; associa- 
tions of the same or of different kinds of mammals in pairs, groups, 
flocks or herds; whether flocks are built about the family or are 
groupings of individuals according to age, sex, or other conditions: 
advantages of flocks; comparison of behavior of individuals alone 
and in flocks; mob psychology; coordination of activities in flock, 
synchronous responses to same stimulus. 
(9) Hibernation, estivation, and other periodic phenomena—dates of 
entering upon and emerging from hibernation and estivation; 
causes of hibernation and estivation, as related to altitude, climate, 
soil, physiology, food, and water; weight, activity, and other 
characteristics of animals before, during, and after such period; 
details as to completeness or incompleteness of torpidity; occa- 
Sional dormancy (controlling factors) ; movements or activities, 
and intermittent waking while hibernating or estivating; place of 
hibernation or estivation; habits. associated therewith; body tem- 
peratures of hibernating or estivating mammals at different peri- 
ods; temperatures of hibernating or estivating chambers, compari- 
sons with outside temperatures; seasonal changes in food, in feces; 
hibernaria and other technical equipment for studying hibernating 
animals under controlled conditions. 
(10) Migration—movements of mammals, especially of bats, before and 
aiter breeding; dates of appearance and disappearance ;* extent 
and direction of movements, local and general; causes of migration, 
