112 MISC. PUBLICATION 17 4, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTUKE 



tus and cited rufomaculatus Walker as a synonym. 16 This parasite 

 was next referred to under the name Baeotomus rufomaculatus by 

 Ashmead in 1897, when he recorded it for the first time as a parasite 

 of the hessian fly, this record having been based on specimens reared 

 in France by Marchal, who published the same information 1 month 

 later. In 1898 the Marchal record was cited by Osborn, and in 

 the same year the species was listed in Dalla Torre's catalog under 

 the name Baeotomus rufomaculatus with Callitula bicolor cited as 

 a synonym. Schmiedeknecht in 1909 listed the species as Microrne- 

 lus rufomaculatus, with Pteromalus plagiatus cited as a synonym, 

 but without mention of Callitula bicolor. Micrornelus rufomacula- 

 tus was listed by Kurdjumov in 1913 as one of the parasites of the 

 hessian fly reared in Poltava, Russia, and the opinion was expressed 

 that it was probably the same as Micrornelus subapterus Riley and 

 that M. pyrrhogaster Walker was probably a wingless or semi- 

 wingless variety of this species also. The species was mentioned 

 by Slasi in 1922 as occurring in the Tuscany Archipelago. In a 

 catalog of the type species of the genera of Chalcidoidea, Gahan 

 and Fagan in 1923 placed the genera Micrornelus and Baeotomus in 

 synonymy with Callitula and cited Micrornelus rufomaculatus as 

 & synonym of Callitula bicolor. Znamenski again recorded the 

 species from Poltava in 1923, and in 1928 Hill and Smith listed it 

 for the first time from North America. Meyer included the species 

 in a list of parasites of the hessian fly in Russia, published in 1929, 

 and in 1930 and 1932 Imms recorded it from England as a parasite 

 of Oscinella frit (L.). Tzuigankov in 1930 recorded rearing it in 

 Russia from Meromyza saltatHx (L.), Lasiosina cinctipes Meig., and 

 Chlorops taeniopus Meig. 



From the above resume of the literature it will be seen that Calli- 

 tula bicolor was early recognized by Nees as the same as Pteromalus 

 plagiatus, which in turn has long been treated as being identical with 

 Micrornelus rufomaculatus. Although Callitula bicolor is a much 

 older name than Micrornelus rufomaculatus, it has been generally 

 ignored because of the manner in which it was originally proposed. 

 The rules of nomenclature, however, clearly provide that a species 

 proposed as this one was (i.e., without description except that pro- 

 vided in the description of the genus of which it was the only species 

 named) is valid. If Nees' statement that Callitula bicolor is the same 

 as his Pteromalus plagiatus is correct, then Spinola's name should 

 be used. Spinola's description is entirely inadequate for recognition 

 of the species, and it must be assumed that Nees had knowledge other 

 than that furnished by the description when he synonymized it. That 

 this is possible is shown by the fact that Nees mentions that he had 

 a number of specimens of other species from his colleague Spinola. 

 He does not record that he had specimens of C. bicolor from its 

 author, but the two were evidently in close touch with each other and 

 it is highly probable that Nees' identification of bicolor is based either 

 upon comparison of specimens or upon additional information given 

 him by Spinola. In the absence of any evidence to the contrary, 



10 Thomson also listed as a synonym Pteromalus futilis Foerster. Apparently no species 

 was described by Foerster under this name, and it is probable that P. futilis Walker was 

 iDtended, since that is the only futilis listed among the chalcids in Dalla Torre's catalog. 

 The description of this species does not appear to agree with Callitula bicolor and is 

 therefore omitted from the synonymy. 



