OUR FORESTS 3 
ing in height from 20 to 300 feet or more, according to species and 
conditions of growth. Trees may be said to consist of three parts: 
(1) The roots, which hold the tree in place and take up from the 
soil water and certain mineral substances needed in the tree’s growth; 
(2) the trunk or stem, which supports the crown and supplies it 
with water and food from the roots; and (3) the crown, which has 
much to do with the life of a tree, for in this part take place the 
most important processes in the digestion of its food and the repro- 
duction of the tree (fig. 1). 
The materials upon which a tree feeds are derived from the soil 
and from the air. Those from the soil are collected by the roots, 
which extend down into the ground. At the ends of the roots and 
rootlets are countless root hairs reaching out between particles of 
soil for water and the various substances which it holds in solution. 
The water and food materials thus collected move upward through 
numerous channels in the roots, trunk, and branches to the leaves. 
The leaves serve as factories where the foods necessary for the 
tree’s growth are manufactured. This food-making takes place in 
numberless tiny cells of the leaf where by aid of chlorophyll bodies 
and the action of sunlight, the carbonic acid gas taken from the air 
is broken up into its elements, oxygen and carbon. While the oxygen 
is returned to the air, the carbon, still through the action of sunlight 
and chlorophyll, is combined with the oxygen and hydrogen of the 
water from the roots, forming new chemical compounds, in which 
nitrogen and various earthy substances from the water are present. 
Thus the raw food materials which reach the tree through the roots 
and the leaves are digested in the leaves somewhat as food is digested 
in the human body. They are then sent to all living parts of the 
roots, stem, and crown, where they are either used at once in growth 
or stored away for later use. 
Like all other plants and like animals, trees breathe. This breath- 
ing process goes on both day and night. The breathing is done 
through the leaves and through tiny openings in the bark called 
lenticels. 
The amount of water taken up by the roots is usually very much 
larger than is required in the chemical processes which go on in the 
leaves. There is thus a surplus of water which cannot be held in 
the leaves, but must make way for fresh supplies carrying the 
mineral constituents necessary to the tree’s growth. The tree rids 
itself of this unused water by a process known as transpiration, 
which is the evaporation of water from all parts of the tree above the 
ground, but principally from the leaves. In this way trees give off 
great quantities of water vapor, which tends to keep the air in the 
forests humid and favorable to growth. 
How A TREE GRows 
Most trees grow in height and spread of branches by sending out 
shoots formed by the development of new wood cells. The growth 
in height each year is made at the terminal bud of the main stem 
or stems. The “candles” of the pines are showy evidences of this new 
growth. 
