102 Report of Schimmel $ Co. April 1913. 



(tetrabromide m. p. 104,5°). In agreement with the statements made by previous 

 authors 1 ), Schorger found the turpentine oil of the "Digger Pine" (Pinus Sabiniana, 

 Dougl.) to contain only w-heptane. From the turpentine he recovered 11,4 p. c. of oil 

 possessing the following characters: b. p. 96,1 to 98,8°, di 5 o 0,6971, n D150 1,3903. The 

 turpentine of the "Sugar Pine" {Pinus Lambertiana, Dougl.) yields 16,3 p. c. turpentine oil 

 with a density of 0,8658 to 0,8663 at 15°; [«] D + 10,42°; n D15 o 1,4728. This oil contains 

 70 to 75 p. c. d-a-pinene (nitrosochloride, m. p. 103°), 5 p. c. /3-pinene (nopinic acid, 

 m. p. 1 25 °) 2 to 3 p. c. of a terpene mixture in which perhaps phellandrene occurs, 2 to 3 p. c. 

 of an aliphatic hydrocarbon and 10 to 12 p. c. of a sesquiterpene of which the properties 

 agree fairly well with those of the aromadendrene of the Australian eucalyptus oils 

 described by Baker and Smith 2 ): b.p. 250 to 255° (739,9 mm.), d 0,9238, [«] D + 37,88°, 

 n D 1,5006. The turpentine of Pinus contorta (= murrayana). Loud. (Lodge Pole Pine), 

 when distilled with steam, yielded 14,7 p. c. oil (d 15 o 0,8518 to 0,8549; [«] D — 20,12°; 

 "diso 1,4862) consisting almost entirely of Z-/?-phellandrene. Schorger identified the 

 terpene by preparing its nitrite; m. p. 90° under slow, 103° under rapid heating. Up 

 to the present phellandrene had not yet been observed among the constituents of 

 turpentine oil. Of the turpentine oil of Pinus edulis, Engelm. (Pinon Pine) 20 p. c. was 

 obtained: d ir , 0,8680, [«] D + 19,26°, n D15 o 1,4707. It consisted to the extent of from 

 70 to 75 p. c. of rt-pinene (nitrosochloride, m. p. 103°) and also contained 5 p. c. /?-pinene 

 (nopinic acid, m. p. 123°) and from 15 to 20 p. c. rf-cadinene which was identified from 

 the dihydrochloride, m. p. 118°. Cadinene, too, was not yet known as a constituent 

 of any turpentine oil. 



A. Hasterlik 3 ), in an article written in an animated style and beautifully illustrated, 

 describes the preparation of the "Balsams of Gascony" as he calls the turpentine made 

 in that district. He mentions the French engineer Chambrelent as the man who was 

 the maker of this erstwhile desolate region. About the middle of the 19 th century, 

 in the course of his numerous journeys on official service, Chambrelent had become 

 well acquainted with the "Landes" country, and had observed that interspersed by 

 small patches of pine-trees ipignades) were vast empty stretches of country without a 

 blade of grass. The fact that the soil where the pine-trees flourished did not differ in 

 its composition from the desolate places led him to the assumption that the difference in 

 vegetation was due to different conditions of drainage. If it were possible to equalise 

 the supply of moisture over the entire district, he thought, it ought to be an easy 

 matter to enlarge the as yet meagre pine-growth into a considerable forest-area. As 

 a result of his hydrographic investigations Chambrelent found that the highest point 

 of the Landes formed a plain at an elevation of 107 meters above sea-level, gradually 

 sloping away towards the ocean at a gradient of 1:1000. Underneath a sandy stratum 

 varying in depth from 35 to 60 centimetres was a stratum impermeable by water and 

 below that, at a depth of 8 to 10 meters, another layer of sand conducting water 4 ). 

 Therefore, the digging of a ditch of a little over half a meter in depth, and with 

 exactly the same gradient as the slope of the land, should suffice to overcome the 

 waterlogging and to ensure a slow but steady water-drainage. Chambrelent appealed 

 to the Government, giving a careful resume of his findings, but he was unsuccessful. 

 It was not until he was able to shew excellent results with the plantations he had 

 made on his own property, and had laid the first achievements thereof before the jury 



a ) Comp. Report October 1906, 64. — 2 ) Comp. Report April 1902, 41. — 3 ) Kosmos, Handweiser fur 

 Naturfreunde, 1913, 73. — 4 ) Similar particulars are given in a lengthy article by O. A. Oesterle on the resin- 

 industry in the South-West of France [Berichte d. deutsch. pharm. Ges. 11 (1901), 217]. 



