Davis.] 42 [May 3, 



Drumlins do not seem to be of common occurrence in Scandinavia or 

 North Germany. In America they have a wide distribution, but as 

 yet they have been incompletely studied and very seldom mapped. 



G. F. Matthew describes a form of drift hills, known as whale-backs, in 

 New Brunswick that apparently belongs under this class. (Report on the 

 Superficial Geology of New Brunswick, Canad. Geol. Surv. 1877-78, 

 12 EE.) 



N. S. Shaler first called attention to them near Boston, but considered 

 their form the result of postglacial marine and subaerial erosion. (On the 

 Parallel Ridges of Glacial Drift in Eastern Massachusetts, Boston Soc. 

 Nat. Hist. Proc, xm, 1869-71, 196.) 



W. Upham described them for the same region (Glacial Drift of Boston 

 and Vicinity, Id, xx, 1879-80, 220); he had previously observed and 

 mapped them for New Hampshire, under the name of " lenticular hills," 

 claiming that they were formed under the ice, because of their shape, firm- 

 ness, and parallelism to glacial striae. (Geol. New Hampshire, in, 1878, 

 and Atlas.) 



C. H. Hitchcock gives the same view of their origin. (Lenticular Hills of 

 Glacial Drift, Boston Nat. Hist. Soc. Proc. xix, 1876-78, 63-67.) They 

 are also common in Central Massachusetts, stretching into Connecticut; in 

 New York from Syracuse to Rochester (J. Hall, Geol. N. Y. 4th Distr- 

 1843,319, 414, etc; L. Johnson, The Parallel Drift-Hills of Western New 

 York, N. Y. Acad. Sci. Trans. I, 1882, 77-80), and in Wisconsin (T. C. 

 Chamberlain, Geol. Wise, n, 212, in the Kettle Range). They will doubt- 

 less be found in many other parts of the country. 



C. Arguments from the Topography of Glaciated Regions. 



C. 1. Fjords. Prominent among the evidence of great glacial 

 erosion from a peculiar topography of glaciated regions is the 

 occurrence of fjords. It is claimed that as they are, when in well 

 developed form, limited to countries once covered with ice, they 

 must be the direct and peculiar result of its action. Indeed fjords 

 are taken by some as good evidence of the former presence of 

 glaciers, without further proof. 



Esmark was among the first to suggest the possible greater extension of 

 ice in past times; he based his supposition on finding in Western Norway, 

 erratics of varied composition and with unworn edges ; a mixed deposit of 

 sand and boulders that a flood could not have left, but which might have 

 been dropped from melting ice ; and dikes or ramparts like those formed at 

 the ends of existing glaciers. These can be explained only by the aid of 

 masses of ice "which must have filled up the whole valley, and, by their 

 spreading and pressure, have hollowed out its bottom." The former action 

 of ice shows " why the Norwegian mountains in general are so steep, I 



