1882.] 45 [Daris. 



valleys must be largely the result of dislocation and down-faulting. (Geol. 

 Norwegen, 1880, 332.) 



A. Gurlt calculates that the weight of even 2000 feet of ice, or 825 pounds 

 to the square inch, would not be enough to break rocks of moderate firm- 

 ness; therefore glacial erosion must be limited to rubbing down and smooth- 

 ing angular forms, and fjords must be primarily produced by dislocations. 

 (Ueber die Entstehungsweise der Fjorde ; Bonn, Niederrhein. Gesell. 

 Sitzungsb. xxxi, 1874, 143-145.) 



F. v. Hochstetter regards the erosive power of ice as small, and states 

 that the coincidence of fjord and glaciated coasts depends on climatic and 

 orographic conditions which determined both. (Hann, Hochstetter and 

 Pokorny, AUgem. Erdkunde, Prag. 1881, 333, 335.) 



O. Peschel's chapter on Die Fjordbildungen gives a resume of this view 

 of the subject. (Physische Erdkunde, Leipzig, 1881, I, 461-485.) 



E. Keclus explains the absence of fjords in equatorial regions by their 

 having there been filled with sediment ; while toward the poles, the former 

 occupation by ice has prevented this filling and preserved them in their 

 early form. (La Terre, Paris, 1877, I, 165.) But it is improbable that 

 this is the most important cause governing their distribution. 



G. Hartung writes, " Fjords cannot be produced by glacial action, be- 

 cause they had almost their present form before the glacial period." (Bei- 

 trag zur Kenntniss von Thai- und Seebildungen; Berlin, Ges. f. Erdkunde, 

 Zft. xin, 1878, 295.) 



The commonly increased depth of fjords above their mouth 

 may be the result of dislocation of the bottom, or of obstruction 

 of the outlet by moraines or sea-wave drift. This peculiarity 

 of form does not require anything more than obstructive aid 

 from ice, and certainly cannot be used as necessitating ice-ero- 

 sion * more than the occurrence of lake-basins can. 



C. 2. Valleys. The more pronounced glacialists include many 

 valleys among the effects of ice-action. 



E. Chambers wrote that the form of the hills in Scotland (and conse- 

 quently of the valleys also) "can only be accounted for by our supposing 

 that there was, first , a general sweeping of the surface of this district by 

 a deep flow of mobile ice, one great cause, if not the principal, of that 

 enormous denudation which has been described, but of which the spoils, 

 from the universality and power of the agent, were in a great measure 

 carried away"; second, a local and less powerful glaciation. Fractures were 

 regarded as defining the place of the greater denudation. (On Glacial 

 Phenomena in Scotland and Parts cf England, Edinb., New Phil. Journ., 

 Liv, 1853, 252, 281.) 



1 It is so used by Geikie and Helland. 



