1884.] 41 [Shaler. 



feet. The pebbles grow larger until near the col they are gener- 

 ally over six inches in diameter; indicating a considerable cur- 

 rent in the water in which they are deposited, a current strong 

 enough to bear away the fine material of the Kame. 



The col at the head of the valley is a wide U-shaped gorge of 

 the ordinary glacial type. A horizontal line of the col transverse 

 to the valley about forty feet above the highest point has a length 

 of about a thousand feet. The whole of this summit of the col is 

 destitute of Kame deposits having no other glacial waste upon 

 its floor except large boulders. Immediately on passing the crest 

 and entering on the slope which leads southward from the col we 

 have the most interesting and instructive feature connected with 

 these deposits. On this slope there is evidence that a considerable 

 river flowed over the col ; from the crest of the divide a channel 

 which will average fifteen feet in depth and about fifty feet in 

 width extends downwards in a southerly direction towards the base 

 of the valley. This gorge is most plainly water worn and generally 

 larger than beds of the mountain streams of this county where 

 they descend steep slopes. It is sufficient in size to accommodate 

 the average flow of the Schroon River. At present this gorge is 

 not the seat of any stream. In ordinary seasons there is not water 

 enough passing through it to keep the vegetation from covering 

 its beds. No one can see it and doubt that at a very recent time 

 there was a very large brook flowing through its bed, and that the 

 only possible way in which such a stream could come to occupy 

 this place would be by filling the Chesterton valley with a gla- 

 cier, from beneath which emerged the vanished river. 



With this chain of evidence it is possible to reconstruct the 

 history of the Chesterton Karnes. This history seems to me to 

 have been as follows ; — 



During the closing stages of the last glacial period the ice 

 sheet in its retreat northward formed a dam in this Chesterton 

 valley, creating a lake from which a large stream flowed over the 

 above mentioned col. As the ice retreated to the northward it 

 left in the floor of the valley the waste brought into the lake by 

 the subglacial streams. This waste ejected from the retreating 

 submerged arch of the glacial stream fell near its exit from be- 

 neath the ice and formed the Indian ridge or continuous Kame. 

 For most of the time while this lake-forming glacier was retreat- 



