1887.1 437 [Upham. 



above the present river-courses, associated with bones of the rein- 

 deer and other Arctic animals, which the ice-fields had driven far 

 southward of their present geographic limits. Both in Europe and 

 America the great Ice Age appears to have comprised two princi- 

 pal glacial epochs when severe cold and plentiful snowfall caused 

 vast ice-sheets to be accumulated upon the land, separated by a 

 warmer interglacial epoch when the ice retreated, or was perhaps 

 wholly melted away. These early vestiges of man in Europe are 

 therefore referable to the interglacial epoch and to the second 

 time of glaciation. 



In the United States similar stone implements of early man are 

 found near Trenton in New Jersey, in southern Ohio, and in cen- 

 tral Minnesota, occurring in beds of gravel and sand, which are 

 evidently modified drift derived from the receding ice-sheet of the 

 last epoch of glaciation and deposited by the rivers that were pro- 

 duced in its final melting. During the last great rise of the qua- 

 ternary lake Lahontan, in western Nevada, referable to the same 

 late part of the glacial period, man hunted on its shores and was 

 provided with spearheads of chipped obsidian 1 . Relics of man 

 are also described from various placer gravels of California, 9 

 showing at least that he existed there contemporaneously with the 

 foregoing, and probably even in a much earlier portion of the 

 glacial period, near its beginning. 3 



The purpose of this paper is to describe the geologic situation 

 and relationship of the gravel and sand deposits at Little Falls, 

 Minnesota, in which Miss Franc E. Babbitt, several years ago, 

 found implements and fragments of chipped quartz. After noting 

 the character of the stratum where these remains of man's work 

 occur, and of the underlying and overlying beds, their probable 

 method of deposition will be indicated, and their place in the se- 

 quence of events constituting the history of the Ice Age will be 



1 See figure of implement in Monograph xi, U. S. Geol. Survey, p. 247. Pages 261, 

 263 and 269-270 of this volume show that this -spearhead was lost in the lake sediments, 

 during the second epoch of glaciation, to which also the implements in New Jersey, 

 Ohio and Minnesota, are referable. 



2 The many occurrences of man's implements, stone mortars, etc., in the placers of 

 California, as stated in Professor Whitney's report on the Auriferous Gravels, substan- 

 tiate the history of the famous Calaveras skull, which is also there discussed. The 

 great amount of erosion in California since the lava-flows indicates a very early time 

 for that gravel of the old river-beds covered by lava. 



3 Professor Le Conte says. "These Drift-gravels pi-obably represent the beginning of 

 the Glacial epoch, though Whitney thinks an earlier or Pliocene epoch." Elements of 

 Geology, revised edition, p. 555. 



