especially by the large circular, though not very prom- 

 inent, chalaza, which occupies the upper, and not the 

 middle part of the seed. These five specimen seeds 

 represent the principal forms, but not all European 

 grape seeds entirely agree with them. 



Fig. 33, Vitis Vulpina (or Rotundifolia) , from the 

 South Carolina Muscadine grape, different from all 

 other grape seeds, just as the plant differs from all the 

 other Grape-vines; seed very flat, with straight sides, 

 very short beak, wrinkled, or rather folded, on both 

 surfaces, notched on top, with very narrow chalaza 

 and no visible raphe. 



The North American Grape-vines may be 

 systematically arranged in the following order: 



I. True Grape-vines, with loose, shreddy bark, 

 climbing by the aid of forked tendrils, or sometimes 

 (in No . 12) almost without tendrils. 



A . Grape-vines with more or less continuous tendrils. 



1. Vitis Labrusca, Linneeus, the northern Fox grape, 



the mother of a great many cultivated varie- 

 ties and hybrids. 



B. Grapevines with intermittent tendrils. 



a. Leaves pubescent or floccose, especially on the under 



side and when young, often becoming glabrous with 

 age. . 



* Raphe on seed indistinct. 



2. Vitis Candicans, Engelmann. The Mustang grape 



of Texas. 



3. Vitis Carib2ea, Be Candolle. The West India 



grape ; rare in Florida. 



4. Vitis Californica, Bentham. The California 



grape. 



5. Vitis Monticola, Buckley, The Mountain grape 



of West Texas. 



6. Vitis Arizonica, Engelmann. The Arizona grape 



** Raphe on back of seed very conspicuous. 



7. Vitis aestivalis, Michaux. Summer grape of the 



Middle and Southern States, with several va- 

 rieties. 



8. Vitis Cinerea, Engelmann. The Downy grape of 



the Mississippi Valley. 



b. Leaves glabrous, or sometimes short, hairy, especially 



the ribs beneath ; mostly shining. 



* Raphe on back of seed conspicuous. 



9. Vitis Cordifolia, Michaux. Frost grape of the 



Middle and Southern States. 

 ** Raphe indistinct. 



10. Vitis Palmata, Vahl. Red grape of the Missis- 



sippi Valley. 



11. Vitis Riparia, Michaux. Riverside grape of the 



United States and Canada. 



12. Vitis Rupestris, Scheele. Rock or Sand grape of 



the Western Mississippi Valley and Texas. 

 Vitis Vinifeka, Linneeus. The Wine-grape of the Old World 

 and California; would find its systematic place here. 



II. Muscadine grape, with (on the younger branches) 

 firmly adhering bark, which only in the older stems 

 scales off; aerial roots from inclined trunks in damp 

 localities ; tendrils intermittent, simple ; berries very 

 large (7-10 lines thick), very few in a bunch, easily 

 detaching themselves at maturity ; seeds with trans- 

 verse wrinkles or shallow grooves on both sides. 



13. Vitis Vulpina, Linneeus (Rotundifolia, Mi- 



chaux). The Southern Fox grape or Muscadine. 



Rafinesque, Le Conte and others, have in 

 times gone by attempted to distinguish and 

 characterize a good many more species, while 

 on the other hand, Director Regel, of the St. 

 Petersburg botanical garden, has lately tried, 

 rather unnaturally, to contract them and unite 

 them with Old World species. Vitis vinifera 

 has resulted according to his views, from the 

 hybridization of several of these species. 



I now propose to give a short botanical ac- 

 count of the 13 species enumerated above, leav- 

 ing to the author of this treatise the task to 

 add the important practical remarks which 

 the subject calls for. 



1. Vitis Labrusca, Linnaeus. Usually not 

 large; climbing over bushes or small trees, 

 occasionally reaching the tops of the highest 

 trees ; distinguished from all the oiher 

 species, as has been stated above, by its con- 

 tinuous tendrils and consequently by its con- 

 tinuous (two to often four or six) clusters of 

 flowers and fruit ; stipules middle-sized, about 

 two lines long, or less ; leaves large (four to 

 six inches wide), thick, of firm texture, entire 

 or in some forms deeply lobed, very slightly 

 dentate, coated when young with a thick 

 rusty, or sometimes whitish down, which 

 in the wild plant persists on the under 

 side, but almost disappears in the mature leaf 

 of jiome cultivated varieties ; berries large in 

 middle sized, or, in many cultivated forms, 

 rather large bunches, bearing 2 or 3 or even 4 

 seeds, large, notched, without visible raphe. 

 (See table of seeds, page 13, figs. 1 and 2.) 



This species, usually known as the Fox 

 grape, or Northern Fox grape, is a native of 

 the Alleghany Mountains, and of their eastern 

 slope to the sea-coast, from New England to 

 South Carolina, where it prefers wet thickets 

 or granitic soil. Here and there it descends 

 along streams to the western slope of the 

 mountains, but is a stranger to the Missis- 

 sippi Valley proper. 



As the Labrusca generally grows on granitic 

 soil or granitic detritus., which may favor l<, 

 the vine, I would suggest to plant Catawba 

 vineyards in the granitic regions of our Ozark 

 Mountains, and would expect favorable results 

 there. 



By far the largest number of varieties of 

 Grape-vines now cultivated in our country are 

 the offspring of this species ; a few produced 

 by nurserymen, but most of them picked up in 

 the woods ; they are easily recognized by the 

 characters above given, and most readily by 

 the peculiar arrangements of the tendrils as 

 above described. Large and downy-leaved 

 varieties of V. aestivalis are, in the West and 

 South-west, not rarely mistaken for Labrusca, 



