IMPORTANT WESTERN BROWSE PLANTS 49 
Say rose (2. sayz), which is regarded by some botanists as identi- 
cal with Bourgeau rose (7. acicularis bourgeawiana), is also low and 
free from spininess. It occurs generally throughout southern Can- 
ada and in the Northeastern States, and crops out again in the West 
from Minnesota to Montana and south to Colorado. It has thicker 
leaves than Engelmann rose and is not quite so palatable but is 
sometimes abundant and an important local source of forage. 
Nootka rose (2. nutkana), one of the commonest of the north- 
western roses, ranges from Alaska to California, Colorado, and 
western Montana. Its spininess and prickliness render it inferior in 
palatability for sheep and cattle to some other species. 
California wild rose (7. californica) is confined to California and 
is generally regarded as the commonest wild rose of the State, being 
found for the most part along or near watercourses at lower to 
middle elevations, often forming small thickets. It is fairly good 
browse for both cattle and sheep and sometimes furnishes forage in 
great abundance. 
Blackstem rose (2. melina) grows at elevations of between 6,000 
and 10,000 feet from Wyoming to Utah and northern New Mexico 
and, in the Wasatch and Uinta Mountains especially, is highly re- 
garded on both cattle and sheep ranges. 
Pear-hip rose (2. pyrifera), so named because of its curious pear- 
shaped fruits or hips, ranges along stream banks and in other moist 
situations, usually under shade, in the mountains from Montana to 
Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, and California; all classes of livestock 
graze it. 
Spalding rose (2. spaldingii) grows in woods, mainly in the 
yellow pine type, at elevations between 3,500 and 6,500 feet, in both 
dry and moist, sandy or gravelly loams, from British Columbia to 
Idaho, Wyoming, Utah, northern California, and Oregon (east of 
the Cascades) ; 1t is comparatively common on dry alluvial bottoms 
associated with willows and spirea. Where abundant and accessible 
it is ordinarily held to be very palatable, especially to sheep, being 
ranked on many Idaho ranges as very good feed for that class of 
livestock, and in northern California as good sheep feed and fair 
cattle and horse feed. Young shoots of this species are browsed by 
both sheep and cattle in Washington and Oregon, but are hardly 
touched after the thorns harden. 
Ground rose (/. spithamaea), which attains a height of only 2 to 
12 inches, is the smallest of our western roses. It occurs in south- 
western Oregon and northern California. Locally very common in 
open (chiefly pine) woods, especially along streams and on moist 
hillsides, it makes fair to good sheep and cattle feed wherever 
abundant. 
OTHER IMPORTANT GENERA 
Cliffrose (Cowania stansburiana) (pl. 4, B) is known also by a 
variety of local names, including quinine-bush, bitterbrush, and bit- 
ter aloes. It sometimes appears in literature under the name 
Cowania mexicana, actually a distinct and wholly Mexican species, 
differing in floral and leaf characters from C. stansburiana. This 
shrub is ordinarily much branched and spreading and 3 to 12 feet 
high, but under the most favorable circumstances, notably near the 
27259°—31——4. 
