IMPORTANT WESTERN BROWSE PLANTS yy. 
oaks of this group are of considerable forage importance, Emory 
oak and California black oak. , 
Emory oak (QV. emoryz), known locally as blackjack oak, ranges in 
the foothilis and mountains between about 4,000 and 10,000 feet, 
from western Texas to Arizona and south into northern Mexico; it 
is the commonest forest oak in southern New Mexico and Arizona 
and, except when starved, is a tree. In many localities, when not 
too large, its evergreen leaves are taken fairly well by livestock, 
especially on winter range, and the edible acorns, unusually sweet 
for a “black” oak, are eagerly taken by domestic and wild animals. 
California black oak (Q. kelloggii, syn. Q. californica), usually 
known locally as black oak and sometimes called California oak and 
Kellogg oak, is a common and conspicuous species in inland Calli- 
fornia and parts of Oregon. It usually grows in a mixed conifer 
type with yellow pine, incense cedar, sugar pine, and white and 
Douglas firs. Although the species is of tree form, the wood has 
practically no value as lumber (130) and little commercial use aside 
from fuel, posts, and tool handles. It is, when at all within the 
reach of grazing animals, a rather important browse plant, especially 
for cattle, though sheep and goats also take it fairly well, often 
pulling down the overhead branches and cropping the leaves. 
Mackie (79) has found the leaves of this species the highest of all 
the oaks analyzed by him in ether extract and nitrogen-free 
extract (7.06 and 40.50 per cent, respectively, for air-dry material), 
apparently indicating a fattening and energy-producing food. Al- 
though the waxes and resins included in the ether extract are dis- 
tasteful to grazing animals and decrease the species’ forage value, 
it is a matter of common observation that livestock tend to fatten 
on the leaves of this oak. 
ELM FAMILY (CULMACEAE) 
HACKBERRIES (CELTIS SPP.) 
Douglas hackberry (C. douglasii) is the only one of the three 
species of hackberry (fig. 2) occurring natively on western ranges 
that appears to have any material range significance. This species, 
a scraggly shrub or small tree, is found in both moist and dry soils, 
along or near streams, rocky ravines, or arid cliffs, from Utah and 
Idaho to Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia. It is an im- 
portant secondary browse constituent of the forage crop on many of 
the lower areas of the northwestern forests, providing considerable 
browse for cattle and sheep, especially on winter and early spring 
range. The leaves of this hackberry are frequently galled by an 
insect (Pachypsylla sp.), which, of course, greatly reduces its pal- 
atability. A. R. Standing reports that this condition is general 
along the west base of the Wasatch Mountains. 
Paloblaneo (C. reticulata) and spmy hackberry (C. pallida), 
sometimes called, respectively, netvein hackberry and thorny bill, 
while often common in the Southwest are browsed only under over- 
grazed conditions. Their sweetish-pulped berries, like those of 
other hackberries, are eaten by certain birds, reptiles, and other wild 
life, 
