4 MISC. PUBLICATION 101, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 
number of others may possibly be so. In addition to their value as 
browse for livestock, shrubs on the range frequently have other 
values, such as utility for watershed protection and wild-life con- 
servation, poisonous or medicinal properties, cordwood, edible fruits 
or nuts, latex, and as indicators or “ear marks” of overgrazed 
range, planting sites, and potential agricultural land. 
it is important that a reasonably intimate knowledge of western 
range shrubs should be shared by range administrators and stock- 
men, to the end that such knowledge may form a basis for the better 
and proper management of both range and stock in all cases where 
shrubby growth constitutes a material portion of the vegetative 
stand. ; 
This publication, which is issued as a general treatise for forest 
officers and stockmen, gives a brief survey of the more important 
western browse plants and their réle in range management. The 
data given represent extensive investigations by many members of 
the Forest Service as well as by the author, and appreciation of the 
help received is gratefully acknowledged.2 It was James T. Jardine, 
now director of the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station, who 
as the first chief of the office of grazing studies in the Forest Service 
initiated and encouraged the collation of forage data on national- 
forest range plants. Of the army of national-forest range plant 
collectors (about 1,100 in number) indebtedness is due in no small 
measure to 52 men,® each of whom has collected upward of 200 an- 
notated specimens of record in the Washington office of the Forest 
Service. 
PALATABILITY OF BROWSE 
The use of the term “ palatability,” as found in this publication, 
is in accordance with the usage of national-forest range reconnais- 
sance, and has been defined (736, p. 14) as— 
the degree to which the herbage within easy reach of stock is grazed when a 
range is properly utilized under the best practicable range management. ‘The 
percentage of the readily accessible herbage of a species that is grazed when 
the range is properly utilized determines the palatability of the species. 
2 Authority for the botanical identifications resides in the Office of Botany. Bureau of 
Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture (Frederick V. Coville, principal botanist, 
in charge), the bulk of the determinations having been made by Ivar Tidestrom! and (up 
to 1914) by the late Edward L. Greene, with the advice of specialists in certain groups: 
¥. V. Coville (heaths, huckleberries, currants, and gooseberries), C. R. Ball (willows), 
W. W. Eggleston (hawthorns), and 8. F. Blake (composites). Paul C. Standley, formerly 
of the U. 8S. National Museum, has determined much of the material from New Mexico 
and Alaska. The writer is particularly indebted to Doctor Coville for the critical review 
he has given to the English plant nomenclature and to D. A. Shoemaker for numerous 
valuable comments made by him in reviewing the manuscript. The drawings, made 
especially for this bulletin, were the work of A. E. Hoyle, of the Forest Service; Figures 
5 and 16 were drawn by N. W. Brenizer. 
* Douglas C. Ingram, William R. Chapline, Frank B. Lenzie, James T. Jardine, Frank H. 
Rose, Bryant SS. Martineau, Leland S. Smith, Jesse L. Peterson, Alfred E. Aldous, 
15 G. Renner, Cc. L, Forsling, John H. Hatton, Fred D. Douthitt, Robert R. Hill, Arthur 
W. Sampson, William N. Sparhawk, C. E. Taylor, Charles E. Fleming, M. W. Talbot, 
Lee O. Miles, Charles H. McDonald, John C. Kuhns, Fred P. Cronemiller, C. H. Hurst, 
Arthur D. Read, E. Grandjean, J. A. Willey, Earl V. Storm, Harold D. Foster, H. B. Maris, 
Arnold R. Standing, Jack Magee, Orange A. Olsen, George E. Moore, C. N. Woods, 
Lenthall Wyman, Waldo D. Barlow, Lynn H. Douglas, Paul B. Lister, C. K. Cooperrider, 
Harley J. Helm, W. J. Sproat, Robert F. Copple, Charles H. Flory, H. L. Smith, Ivar 
Tidestrom, Thomas Lommasson, Harry S. Yates, C. F. Korstian, Frank F. Liebig, James C. 
Whitham, and Philip V. Woodhead. Among those forest officers who have not col- 
lected as many as 200 speciments many have made important contributions to our 
knowledge of western range plants and their value. In this category special mention 
seems due to the following: Mark Anderson, Nelson Jay Billings, Lee P. Brown, James A. 
Cahill, Robert S. Campbell, H. O. Cassidy, Matt J. Culley, Charles DeMoisy, jr., 
H. R. Flint, Leon C. Hurtt, Louis Knowles, Harry E. Malmsten, William H. Mast, 
Agnes D. McNair, Enoch W. Nelson, A. A. Saunders, Jacob D. Schoeller, David A. 
Shoemaker, James O. Stewart, Robert Thompson, and Herman Work. 
