124 MISC. PUBLICATION 101, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 
tation suitable for producing wood, livestock products, or anything 
economically utilizable. Except in the Southwest, and for goats, 
which will graze them along with other feed, manzanitas are practi- 
cally worthless as forage. The two commonest and most widely 
distributed species of manzanita are undoubtedly greenleaf man- 
zanita (A. patula) and bearberry (A. wa-wrsi). Bears, turkeys, 
and other wild life are fond of the berries. 
Greenleaf manzanita (A. patula, syns. A. platyphylla and A. pun- 
gens platyphylla) (fig. 35) ranges from Oregon (through south- 
western Idaho) to extreme western Colorado, Utah, and California, 
between about 5,000 and 7,500 feet in elevation, on dry well-drained 
sites, brush and woodland or lower yellow pine types, often in 
admixture with mountain-mahogany, oak, garrya, and Ceanothus 
jendleri and greggti. It is found in dense stands on dry slopes and 
in old burns, in full sunlight, and is easily the commonest manzanita 
in the Great Basin region and one of the commonest Pacific manzan- 
itas. The ability of greenleaf manzanita to withstand repeated burn- 
ing and make rapid new growth by root shoots is phenomenal. In 
Oregon and California it is practically worthless as a range plant. 
Experiments for its eradication by goats conducted on the Lassen 
National Forest in California showed about 75 per cent of the aerial 
growth of the manzanitas girdled and killed during the first season 
where the goats were concentrated, but the second year’s efforts prac- 
tically failed (58). Goats concentrated on the species quit the range 
in poor condition. In the Great Basin greenleaf manzanita is held 
to be poor to fair goat feed and, aside from utility as an emergency 
feed in winter for sheep and cattle, is worthless for other stock. 
Pointleaf manzanita (A. pungens) is grazed rather freely by 
goats (15) in the Southwest, the finer leaves and more tender twigs 
being eaten. The occurrence, however, of this species is usually 
rather scattering. In spring goats often peel the bark, presumably 
for the sap. 
Bearberry (Arctostaphylos uwva-ursi) (fig. 35), or kinnikinnick, 
as it is often called in the Rocky Mountain region, is much the most 
widely distributed species of the genus and the only species occur- 
ring in the Old World unless one includes in Arctostaphylos the 
deciduous-leaved juicy and dark fruited, arctic-alpine genus Mairania 
(=Arctotis) and which is represented in Alaska, Yukon, British 
Columbia, and Alberta at least by ptarmiganberry (I/. alpina). 
Bearberry ranges from northern and high-montane Asia and Europe 
to North America, where it is found from Labrador to Alaska and 
south to about the southern boundary of New Jersey, Illinois, Ne- 
braska, in the Rocky Mountain chain south to Mexico, and in the 
Pacific cordillera to California. It forms a low ground carpet in 
the shade of (mostly conifer) timber, in both moist and dry sites, 
and is often very abundant. Deer will occasionally crop the leaves, 
but as a rule it is worthless for domestic livestock, though sometimes 
goats and sheep nibble it. Grouse, turkeys, and bear are all very 
fond of the berries, so that the species deserves consideration from 
the standpoint of game conservation. It also tends to favor timber 
reproduction and is sometimes an important nurse crop. 
Pinemat (A. nevadensis), sometimes called pinemat manzanita and 
Sierra bearberry, is closely akin to bearberry. It is a common species 
