70 MISC. PUBLICATION 9 0, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 



The above is a brief description of a forest-management plan and 

 its preparation. A plan should be revised every few years as new 

 and better information becomes available. No two plans are alike, 

 and no plan is workable unless the maker has reliable facts to work 

 with and a clear understanding of the local conditions. 



PRINCIPLES OF PLANTING 



Although the systems of cutting used in most well-managed for- 

 ests aim to secure natural reproduction of the stand, it is sometimes 

 necessary to supplement this with seeding or planting to secure the 

 most complete use of the soil. There are also large areas of logged- 

 over or burned-over forest land and of abandoned farms where nat- 



Figuee 38. — Devastated by logging and fire. Only planting will reforest this kind 



of country 



ural reproduction of desirable forest trees can not be expected. 

 (Fig. 38.) These must be seeded or planted if they are to be made 

 productive. 



SEED COLLECTING 



The native forest trees most important for lumber production in 

 Utah are as follows : Western yellow pine, Douglas fir, lodgepole 

 pine, Engelmann spruce, and alpine fir. They are all conifers — 

 that is, they bear their seed in cones which open and permit the seed 

 to scatter when ripe. To collect this tree seed it is necessary to col- 

 lect the cones after the seed is mature but before the cones open. 

 This is done by cutting the cones from the trees, by gathering the 

 cones from trees cut in logging, and by collecting cones which have 

 been gathered by squirrels. This last method has proved the cheap- 

 est and most successful in Utah, where the squirrels collect much 

 larger supplies than they need for their own use. By September 

 15 or 20, the squirrels have collected large quantities of cones, which 

 they cache in moist places under logs or brush, or around the roots 

 of seed trees. These cones are gathered in sacks and hauled to a cen- 

 tral Doint, where thev are dried either in the sun or by artificial heat. 



