74 MISC. PUBLICATION 9 0, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 



those exposed to wind. They require less feed and remain in better 

 condition. 



As a source of supply for fuel, posts, and farm timbers, the wood- 

 land can be made a real asset. Utah's fuel bill alone runs into enor- 

 mous figures. Generally, the remaining stands of timber are inacces- 

 sible and the cost in time or money to get good fuel from the moun- 

 tains is a real problem. The farm woodland can help solve it. The 

 weeding out of undesirable trees and the opening up of the stands 

 as the trees become larger in size provide a supply of cheap fuel. The 

 same is true with regard to posts and farm timbers. If tree species 

 suitable for posts are selected for planting, it will not be long before 

 the woodland is helping to pay some of the bills, or rather, is elimi- 

 nating them altogether. Woodlands are not advocated, however, for 

 land more valuable for other crops. 



Attractive is the farm that has fine shade trees and wind protec- 

 tion. The open prairie, parched in summer and wind swept in winter, 

 does not present a picture that encourages home builders. Appear- 

 ance value is certainly reflected in the salability of a farm or ranch. 



The location of the shelter belt or farm woodland depends on many 

 things. Often there are odd corners of land not usable for regular 

 cropping which are suitable for tree planting. If the purpose back 

 of the planting is wind protection, the trees should be planted on the 

 side from which the most damaging winds come, with a liberal 

 sprinkling of trees on all sides of the home for shade and appearance. 



For a windbreak, at least six or eight rows of trees should be 

 planted. The rows should be about 6 feet apart and the trees about 

 4 to 6 feet apart in the row. It is well to use two different kinds of 

 trees, every alternate tree being some rapid-growing variety and the 

 others some slower-growing trees that are more valuable on account 

 of appearance or the durability of the wood. Evergreens are most 

 desirable, as they retain their needles through the winter and are 

 ideal for winter windbreaks. Larch (or tamarack) should not be 

 used, however, as it sheds its foliage each fall like a broad-leaved 

 tree. 



As the trees in the windbreak become large, it will be necessary to 

 cut out some so that the rest can grow. 



The selection of species to plant requires a knowledge of several 

 conditions. Some considerations are elevation, length of growing 

 season, and availability of water. 



The Forest Service cooperates with Utah under section 4 of the 

 Clarke-McNary Act in the production of forest planting stock for 

 use by farmers in the establishment of shelter belts and farm wood- 

 lands. Funds are annually allotted to the State to assist in meeting 

 nursery and distribution costs, and it is thus made possible to sell 

 young trees to farmers at a relatively low price. The extension 

 forester of the State Agricultural College at Logan has charge of 

 this work and distributes the trees. 



INSECT ENEMIES AND TREE DISEASES OF THE FOREST 



The principal enemies of trees, not including fire, may be divided 

 into three general classes: (1) Insects, (2) fungous diseases, and 

 (3) parasites. 



