MARKET DISEASES OF APPLES, PEAES, QUIITCES 35 



of an inch in diameter and are generally confined to the skin, 

 although they occasionally extend into the flesh a very short distance. 

 No spots occur deep in the flesh. 



King David spot is typically an orchard disease and does not 

 develop in storage. Green ^reas on the fruit are more often affected 

 than red ones; sometimes the spots are confined to the calyx cup or 

 the stem basin. 



Nothing is known of how the spot is caused or how it can be 

 controlled. 



LEAF-HOPPER SPECKING 



After infestations by several species of leaf hoppers, apples often 

 show numerous superficial brown or black specks about the size of a 

 pinhead or slightly smaller. These are usually most numerous on 

 fruit that was exposed to dust at the time when the leaf hoppers 

 were most active. The washing of fruit to remove spray residue 

 incidentally removes the leaf -hopper specks. 



LEAF-ROLLER AND GREEN FRUIT-WORM INJURY 



Large russeted and corky scars, often in scooped-out areas, some- 

 times in the form of small slightly raised or undulating spots, to- 

 gether with more or less distortion, are often found on marketed 

 apples. Such injuries usually are the result of feeding by certain 

 chewing insects early in the season when the apples are small. The 

 exact identity of the insect concerned cannot be determined after the 

 injury has grown over. Among the insects causing this type of in- 

 jury are the fruit-tree leaf roller {Cacoecia argyrospila Walker) (pi. 

 22), the green fruit worms {Graptolithm antennata Walker and other 

 species), and the rusty tussock moth {Notoiophus antiqua L.). 



The larvae of the red-banded leaf roller {EuJia velutinana 

 Walker) consume extensive areas of skin and outer flesh of the apple, 

 usually in the calyx or stem end, where two apples touch, or where a 

 leaf is in contact with the apple (pi. 20, D). This species is usually 

 most abundant late in the season. As a result, the injured areas do 

 not heal over, but offer a favorable opportunity for the entrance of 

 various rot organisms. {1S4, 201,) 



MISCELLANEOUS ROTS 



In addition to the rots discussed under various special headings, 

 there are others of minor importance, from which the following 

 fungi have been isolated : Mucor piHformis Fischer, Endomyces Tnali 

 Lewis, Pleospora fructicola (Newton) Ruehle, Mycosphaerella tul- 

 asnei Jancz., Gliocladmrn viride^ Matr., Pkoma spp., Coniothyrium 

 spp., Micvodiplodia sp., Pestalozzia hartigii Tub., Goryneum folii- 

 colum FckL, Gospora sp., G ephalospormim carpogenmn Ruehle, Peni- 

 cillium spp. (other than P. expansum), Aspergillus spp., Tricho- 

 derma sp., TricJiothecium roseum (Pers.) Lk., Sporotrichwm carpo- 

 genmn Ruehle, Hormodendron cladosporioides (Fr.) Sacc, Stem- 

 phylium congestuQii Newton, S. congestum minor Ruehle, Fusariiim 

 spp., and EpicocGuni granulatuui (Lev.) Bres. 



Most of these fungi grow slowly at cold-storage temperatures, and 

 only a few are as active at ordinary temperatures as gray mold or 

 the species of blue mold {Penicillivmi expansvmi) that is most com- 



