MARKET DISEASES OF APPLES, PEARS, QUINCES 17 



of an inch be3^ond the main affected area. Small water-soaked 

 patches or streaks are sometimes seen also underneath bruises pro- 

 duced by the pressure of one apple against another, as shown in 

 plate 11, C, 6, c. 



Recent investigations have shown that bruises like those just de- 

 scribed can be produced by subjecting apples to a jolting similar to 

 that received while they are in transit by rail. Glassy water-soaked 

 bruises are not necessarily a sign of freezing injury (p. 24) ; neither 

 are wedge-shaped injured areas that extend to the core, nor brown 

 bruised spots under the skin, in which vascular browning has oc- 

 curred. All of these can be produced by such jolting and pressure as 

 apples are subjected to while in transit in railroad cars (pi. 11, F). 



CONTROL MEASURES 



Packing bruises can be largely avoided by careful handling 

 methods. The only successful method known at present for the pre- 

 vention of transit bruises is to place cushioning material, such as 

 corrugated paper liners, between the apples and the sides of the 

 boxes, to absorb the vibrations that cause the bruising. {198.) 



BULLSEYE ROTS 



OCCURRENCE, SYMPTOMS, AND EFFECTS 



The term bullseye rot is applied to a form of decay found in apples 

 from the Pacific Northwest, including British Columbia. The decay 

 occurs as circular spots having pale centers and darker brown 

 borders. In reality there are six distinct rots that have this bullseye 

 appearance, but they resemble one another so closely that i^Qj can- 

 not be distinguished with certainty except by laboratory study. 

 These rots are (1) perennial canker, caused by GJoeosporiwiJi' peren- 

 nans Zeller and Childs; (2) northwestern anthracnose, caused by 

 Neofabvaea maUcortici^ (Cordley) Jackson; (3) Fusarium rot, 

 caused by a species of Fusarium; (4) fisheye rot, caused by Corticium 

 centrifugum (Lev.) Bres. ; (5) Ramularia rot, caused by Rmnularia 

 uiagnusiana (Sacc.) Lind. ; and (6) Sporotrichum rot, caused by 

 Sporotrichum^ nnaloTV/7)v Kidd and Beaumont = 



The rots caused by the perennial canker fungus and Cortiohmi 

 (fisheye rot) are more or less prevalent in apples from all of the 

 irrigated districts east of the Cascade Mountains. Fisheye rot also 

 occurs on apples from producing sections of the eastern United 

 States. Northwestern anthracnose and the particular Fusarium rot 

 of this type occur on fruit from the more humid regions west of the 

 Cascades but have not been found in the irrigated regions east of 

 those mountains. 



These bullseye rots resemble one another closely, as already noted, 

 but there are several characteristics that can be used to help in diag- 

 nosis. The first of these is the presence or absence of a fuzzy growth 

 protruding upward with the spore masses from the surface or decayed 

 spots. If the growth is present the rot is probably due to the 

 perennial-canker fungus (pi. 2, A, E ; C and D illustrate perennial 

 canker rot not showing mycelium). If the spore masses are cream 

 colored, occur in rather definite rings, and are not accompanied by 



181541°— 33 2 



